var LastChangeDate = "22 November 2011"

// Research Memoranda
var Memo = new Array();

Memo[120] = {
	memoNr: "121",
	memoTitle: "Deconstructing the BRICs: Structural Transformation and Aggregate Productivity Growth",
	authorLastName: "De Vries",
	authorFirstName: "Gaaitzen J.",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "Abdul A. Erumban, Marcel P. Timmer, Ilya Voskoboynikov, Harry X. Wu",
	memoDate: "November 22, 2011",
	memoAbstract: "This paper studies structural transformation and its implications for productivity growth in the BRIC countries based on a new database that provides trends in value added and employment at a detailed 35-sector level. We find that for China, India and Russia reallocation of labour across sectors is contributing to aggregate productivity growth, whereas in Brazil it is not. However, this result is overturned when a distinction is made between formal and informal activities. Increasing formalization of the Brazilian economy since 2000 appears to be growth-enhancing, while in India the increase in informality after the reforms is growth-reducing.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[119] = {
	memoNr: "120",
	memoTitle: "Does Access to Finance Lower Firms' Cost of Capital? Empirical Evidence from International Manufacturing Data",
	authorLastName: "Lashitew",
	authorFirstName: "Addisu A.",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 18, 2011",
	memoAbstract: "Lack of access to finance is argued to be one of the most binding constraints for firm growth. Faced with financing constraints that raise their cost of capital, small firms fail to build up their capital stock and lower their marginal revenue of capital. This paper uses a unique, international, manufacturing dataset to examine if financial access indeed lowers firms’ cost of capital. The results show that credit access, used as a measure of firm-level financial access, has significant negative effect on the cost of capital. The results remain significant when credit access is instrumented with indicators of firms’ political connections. Taking advantage of the large country coverage of the dataset, I also relate firms’ cost of capital to country-level measures of financial development and find that financial development reduces the cost of capital. These findings confirm that financial access allows firms to employ more capital.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[118] = {
	memoNr: "119",
	memoTitle: "Real Output of Bank Services: What Counts Is What Banks Do, Not What They Own",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and J. Christina Wang",
	memoDate: "January 31, 2011",
	memoAbstract: "The measurement of bank output, a difficult and contentious issue, has become even more important in the aftermath of the devastating financial crisis of recent years. In this paper, we argue that models of banks as processors of information and transactions imply a quantity measure of bank service output based on transaction counts instead of balances of loans and deposits. Compiling new and comparable output measures for the United States and a range of European countries, we show that our counts-based output series exhibit significantly different growth patterns than our balances-based output series over the years 1997 to 2009. Since the U.S. official statistics rely on counts while European statistics rely on balances, this implies a potentially considerable bias in the estimate of bank output growth in Europe vis-a-vis that in the United States.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[117] = {
	memoNr: "118",
	memoTitle: "Sectoral Productivity Trends: Convergence Islands in Oceans of Divergence",
	authorLastName: "Castellacci",
	authorFirstName: "Fulvio",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Bart Los and Gaaitzen J. de Vries",
	memoDate: "June 30, 2010",
	memoAbstract: "In their influential study on productivity growth at the sector-level, Bernard and Jones (1996, BJ) observed convergence of aggregate labor productivity levels in 14 highly developed countries in 1970-1987. They also found evidence that this could be attributed to convergence in services productivity rather than in manufacturing. The main question this paper addresses is whether this result can be generalized to a broader set of countries. Several strands of growth theory suggest that thresholds with regard to a variety of issues can lead to multiple growth regimes, which are likely to lead to very heterogeneous patterns of convergence and divergence. To analyze this, we use econometric techniques that explicitly allow for identification of parameter heterogeneity (quantile regressions and quantile smoothing splines), both with regard to initial conditions and to performance conditional on these initial productivity levels. BJ’s data are extended in several dimensions. The recently developed sectoral dataset we use spans the period 1970-2004 and covers 49 countries, including many developing countries. Overall, our findings suggest that convergence as found by BJ only applies to limited groups of country-sectors (‘convergence islands’), whereas the biggest parts of our sample spaces can be considered as ‘oceans of divergence’.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[116] = {
	memoNr: "117",
	memoTitle: "Banking sector output measurement in the euro area - a modified approach",
	authorLastName: "Colangelo",
	authorFirstName: "Antonio",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", and Robert Inklaar",
	memoDate: "March 10, 2010",
	memoAbstract: "Banks do not charge explicit fees for many of the services they provide but the service payment is bundled with the offered interest rates. This output therefore has to be imputed using estimates of the opportunity cost of funds. We argue that rather than using the single short-term, low-risk interest rate as in current official statistics, reference rates should more closely match the risk characteristics of loans and deposits. For the euro area, imputed bank output is, on average, 24 to 40 percent lower than according to current methodology. This implies an average downward adjustment of euro area GDP (at current prices) between 0.16 and 0.27 percent.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[115] = {
	memoNr: "116",
	memoTitle: "Joint Estimation of Supply and Use Tables",
	authorLastName: "Temurshoev",
	authorFirstName: "Umed",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", and Marcel P. Timmer",
	memoDate: "February 18, 2010",
	memoAbstract: "We propose a new biproportional method specifically designed for joint projection of Supply and Use tables (SUTs). In contrast to standard inputoutput techniques, this method does not require the availability of total outputs by product for the projection year(s), a condition which is not often met in practice. The algorithm, called the SUT-RAS method, jointly estimates SUTs that are immediately consistent. It is applicable to different settings of SUTs, such as the frameworks with basic prices and purchasers’ prices, and a setting in which Use tables are separated into domestic and imported uses. Our empirical evaluations show that the SUT-RAS method performs quite well compared to widely used short-cut methods.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[114] = {
	memoNr: "115",
	memoTitle: "Structural Change in Advanced Nations: A New Set of Stylised Facts",
	authorLastName: "Jorgenson",
	authorFirstName: "Dale W.",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", and Marcel P. Timmer",
	memoDate: "January 19, 2010",
	memoAbstract: "We provide new evidence on patterns of structural change in advanced economies, reconsidering the stylised facts put forward by Kaldor (1967), Kuznets (1971) and Maddison (1980). Since 1980 the services sector has overwhelmingly predominated in the economic activity of the European Union, Japan and the U.S., but there is substantial heterogeneity among services. Personal, finance and business services have low productivity growth and increasing shares in employment and GDP. By contrast, shares of distribution services are constant and productivity growth is rapid. We find that the labour share in value added is declining, while the use of ICT-capital and skilled labour is increasing in all sectors and regions.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[113] = {
	memoNr: "114",
	memoTitle: "Education and household inequality change: a decomposition analysis for India",
	authorLastName: "Pieters",
	authorFirstName: "Janneke",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "January 18, 2010",
	memoAbstract: "Previous studies show that rising returns to education have lead to higher wage inequality in developing countries. However, given the importance of non-wage employment and indirect effects of education through labour supply and fertility choices, a similar relationship does not necessarily hold for inequality between households. Based on a decomposition analysis for India, we find counteracting impacts of education on household expenditure inequality. Declining returns to education of household heads reduced inequality, driven by the self-employed. In contrast, rising returns to spouses’ education increased inequality in urban areas. We also find that changes in education levels increased rural and urban inequality, due to persistently high illiteracy. Finally, the indirect effect on fertility had a small equalizing impact in urban areas, but slightly increased inequality in rural areas.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[112] = {
	memoNr: "113",
	memoTitle: "Comparing Productivity in the Netherlands, France, UK and US, ca. 1910: A new PPP benchmark and its implications for changing economic leadership",
	authorLastName: "Frankema",
	authorFirstName: "Ewout",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Jan-Pieter Smits and Pieter Woltjer",
	memoDate: "January 18, 2010",
	memoAbstract: "This paper presents a new benchmark of output and relative prices (PPPs) for agriculture, mining and five manufacturing branches in the US, UK, France and the Netherlands around 1910. The Fisher-weighted PPPs are constructed according to the industry-of-origin approach in order to assess comparative levels of output per worker. The sectoral estimates are subsequently used to build up a comparison of output per worker and per head at the total economy level. Our main findings are that the levels of labour productivity and per capita GDP in the Western European countries relative to the US have been overestimated in the literature so far. Backward projection into the nineteenth century sheds new light on the timing of the take-over in productivity and income leadership between the Netherlands, UK and US. In terms of GDP per capita, the US took over the UK between 1879 and 1899, while in terms of labour productivity the US was already world leader around 1850. Also the Dutch economy seems to have lost its economic leadership earlier than hitherto has been assumed.",
	app1URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd113_app_bc123.xls",
	app1Txt: "Appendices B, C1, C2, C3",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[111] = {
	memoNr: "112",
	memoTitle: "Productivity in a Distorted Market: The Case of Brazil's Retail Sector",
	authorLastName: "Vries",
	authorFirstName: "Gaaitzen",
	authorPreposition: "de",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "April 21, 2009",
	memoAbstract: "In the Hsieh and Klenow (2009) [Hsieh, C., Klenow, P., 2009. Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India. Quarterly Journal of Economics 124:4] model of monopolistic competition with heterogeneous firms, distortions create a wedge between the opportunity cost and marginal revenue product of factor inputs. For Brazil's retail sector, we use census data to study implications for aggregate productivity and relate distortions with regional variation in regulation using a differences-in-differences approach. We find large potential productivity gains from the reallocation of resources toward the most effcient retailers. These potential gains have gone unexploited during the 1996-2006 period, which provides an explanation for the disappointing economic performance after services liberalization in the 1990s. Relating distortions to regulation, we show the importance of distinguishing effects by firm size and type of distortion. Diffculty in access to credit creates distortions to capital for small firms. Difficulty in access to credit has no discernible effects on medium and large-size firms. Taxes on gross profits create distortions to output for large firms, but do not significantly affect small and medium-size firms. Regulation in national markets may have prevented improvements in allocative effciency.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[110] = {
	memoNr: "111",
	memoTitle: "Measurement error in cross-country productivity comparisons: Is more detailed data better?",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "March 30, 2009",
	memoAbstract: "Relative productivity levels are used intensively in analyzing cross-country growth, but often based on crude measures and with little information on their reliability. In this paper, we provide a new framework to estimate purchasing power parities and productivity levels with associated standard errors using the country-product-dummy (CPD) method. For a set of OECD countries, we show that productivity levels in manufacturing industries are measured with sizeable error. We also show that cruder productivity measures are often poor proxies for the data-intensive measure presented here. This evidence can be used to deal with the problem of attenuation bias in cross-country regressions.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[109] = {
	memoNr: "109",
	memoTitle: "Productivity Convergence Across Industries and Countries: The Importance of Theory-based Measurement",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "March 29, 2009",
	memoAbstract: "Cross-country studies of economic growth have been hampered by the scarcity of reliable data on productivity at the sector level, see Bernard and Jones (AER, 2001) and Rogerson (JPE, 2008). We bring together literature on industry prices, human capital and capital assets to construct industry-level productivity measures that are well-grounded in neo-classical production theory. These theory-based measures differ widely from the crude measures commonly used in the literature. We use these to confirm and strengthen the finding of Bernard and Jones (AER, 1996) that for advanced OECD countries, patterns of convergence across sectors have differed since 1970: while productivity in market services converged, there is no convergence in manufacturing. More detailed analysis confirms that patterns of convergence are highly industry-specific. There is no dominant convergence trend in sectoral productivity growth across advanced countries.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[108] = {
	memoNr: "108",
	memoTitle: "A Comparison of Real Output and Productivity for British and American Manufacturing in 1935",
	authorLastName: "Jong",
	authorFirstName: "Herman",
	authorPreposition: "de",
	coAuthor: "and Pieter Woltjer",
	memoDate: "March 25, 2009",
	memoAbstract: "The manufacturing productivity gap between the U.S. and the U.K. became much larger during the interwar period than existing estimates suggest. This paper presents a new estimate based on real value added and hours worked. First, a detailed benchmark comparison for 1935 is constructed using official industrial census reports. Second, structural shift methodology is applied to analyse productivity movements for industrial branches in the period 1900-1957. U.S. manufacturing shows high comparative levels and growth rates for chemicals and engineering. These results support revisionist accounts of Robert Gordon and Alexander Field on the Depression's strengthening of American productivity leadership.",
	app1URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd108_app_a.pdf",
	app1Txt: "Appendix A",
	app2URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd108_app_bcd.xls",
	app2Txt: "Appendices B, C and D",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[107] = {
	memoNr: "107",
	memoTitle: "A Dataset on Comparative Historical National Accounts, ca. 1870-1950: A Time-Series Perspective",
	authorLastName: "Smits",
	authorFirstName: "Jan-Pieter",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Pieter Woltjer and Debin Ma",
	memoDate: "March 20, 2009",
	memoAbstract: "This paper accompanies the Historical National Accounts datahub which presents an overview of the currently available studies on long-term economic growth across countries. Now that more and more detailed historical national accounts have become available, the Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC) in collaboration with the Department of Economic History of the London School of Economics (LSE) has initiated a new research project aiming to enhance our knowledge on comparative economic performance. The basic idea of this datahub is to bring together the available, but fragmented, data on GDP at the industry level for all the major economies and to standardise these series to make a consistent long run international comparison of output and productivity feasible. GDP data and their components are presented in local currencies, both at current as well as constant prices.",
	app1URL: "/databases/hna.htm",
	app1Txt: "HNA Database",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[106] = {
	memoNr: "110",
	memoTitle: "Estimating Terms of Trade Levels Across OECD countries",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Andries Richter",
	memoDate: "February 01, 2009",
	memoAbstract: "This paper exploits bilateral product-level trade for a wide range of OECD countries to derive PPPs for exports and imports which are adjusted for quality differences. This is done by using a hedonic regression model in which a product is characterised by the locations of both buyer and seller. Relative price levels of imports and exports are significantly different from one in most countries, confirming the widespread existence of barriers to arbitrage. The new terms-of-trade PPPs are used in deriving improved estimates of real GDP as in Feenstra, Heston, Timmer and Deng (REStat, 2009).",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[105] = {
	memoNr: "106",
	memoTitle: "An Input-Output Table for Germany and a New Benchmark for German Gross National Product in 1936",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Reiner Staglin",
	memoDate: "January 01, 2009",
	memoAbstract: "This paper is based on the archival sources of the German industrial census of 1936. Originally, this census and its forerunner of 1933 had actually been designed by the German Imperial Statistical Office (StRA) to compile an input-output-table for Germany as a basis for managing the business cycle. In connection with rearmament, however, this endeavour was given up and instead, these data were used for constructing detailed material balance sheets, which served as a statistical basis for preparing the war. Based on these hitherto secret records and additional statistical information we have been busy to fulfil the original plan of the StRA of constructing the desired input-output table. Here we present an interim result covering the entire manufacturing sector in detail, agriculture and aggregate figures. The new benchmark for gross national product (GNP) with its components for the production and expenditure side deviates significantly from Hoffmann's et al. well-known figures.",
	app1URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd106_app1.xls",
	app1Txt: "I-O Table",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[104] = {
	memoNr: "105",
	memoTitle: "Did Liberalization Start A Retail Revolution In Brazil?",
	authorLastName: "Vries",
	authorFirstName: "Gaaitzen",
	authorPreposition: "de",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "October 01, 2008",
	memoAbstract: "In the 1990s, Brazil opened up its retail sector to foreign direct investment. It was expected that the entry and market expansion of retail chains would spur the development of a sector long characterized by small family-run stores. However, the effects on growth have been disappointing. Our results suggest that liberalization failed to deliver high growth because reallocation dynamics did not contribute to growth. For the period 1996-2004, we find little evidence that more-productive new establishments from retail chains replaced less-productive independent stores.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[103] = {
	memoNr: "104",
	memoTitle: "GGDC Productivity Level Database: International Comparisons of Output, Inputs and Productivity at the Industry Level",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "September 01, 2008",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper we introduce the GGDC Productivity Level database. This database provides comparisons of output, inputs and productivity at a detailed industry level for a set of thirty OECD countries. It complements the EU KLEMS growth and productivity accounts by providing comparative levels and follows it in terms of country and industry coverage, variable definition and basic data (O'Mahony and Timmer, 2008). As such, the level and growth accounts can be used together in comparative analyses of productivity trends. The methodology followed is based on Jorgenson and Nishimizu (1985), but includes a number of refinements such as the use of sectoral output and input measures that exclude intra-industry flows; the application of multilateral indices; use of relative output prices from the production side and the use of the exante approach to capital price measurement. The paper outlines the construction and contents of the database and presents some empirical results. The GGDC Productivity Level database is publicly available at www.ggdc.net/databases/levels.htm.",
	app1URL: "/databases/levels.htm",
	app1Txt: "Level Database",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[102] = {
	memoNr: "103",
	memoTitle: "The Sensitivity of Capital Services Measurement: Measure All Assets and the Cost of Capital",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "May 02, 2008",
	memoAbstract: "The measurement of capital inputs is still a contentious issue: many choices have to be made that have potentially large effects on the resulting capital input series, some entailing differing assumptions about firm behaviour. This paper compares a large number of methodological choices and their impact on US capital services growth at the industry and aggregate level. The results show that measuring all assets, in particular intangible assets, and the choice for the rate of return matter substantially, while other choices are less important. I also argue that for pragmatic reasons, an external rate of return is preferable because it is a transparent and robust choice.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[101] = {
	memoNr: "102",
	memoTitle: "The Value of Risk: Measuring the Service Output of U.S. Commercial Banks",
	authorLastName: "Basu",
	authorFirstName: "Susanto",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Robert Inklaar and Christina Wang",
	memoDate: "May 01, 2008",
	memoAbstract: "Rather than charging direct fees, banks often charge implicitly for their services via interest spreads. As a result, much of bank output has to be estimated indirectly. In contrast to current statistical practice, dynamic optimizing models of banks argue that compensation for bearing systematic risk is not part of bank output. We apply these models and find that between 1997 and 2007, in the U.S. National Accounts, on average, bank output is overestimated by 21 percent and GDP is overestimated by 0.3 percent. Moreover, compared with current methods, our new estimates imply more plausible estimates of the share of capital in income and the return on fixed capital.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[100] = {
	memoNr: "101",
	memoTitle: "European Industry, 1700 - 1870",
	authorLastName: "Broadberry",
	authorFirstName: "Stephen",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Rainer Fremdling and Peter Solar",
	memoDate: "April 02, 2008",
	memoAbstract: "This paper offers an overview of the development of European industry between 1700 and 1870, drawing in particular on the recent literature that has emerged following the formation of the European Historical Economics Society in 1991. The approach thus makes use of economic analysis and quantitative methods where appropriate. There are a number of important revisions, compared with previous accounts of Europe's Industrial Revolution, particularly as embodied in the major existing textbooks on European economic history. First, the Industrial Revolution now emerges as a more gradual process than was once implied by the use of the 'take-off' metaphor. Nevertheless, the scale of the structural transformation that occurred during the process of industrialisation continues to justify the use of the term 'Industrial Revolution'. Second, although the emphasis on the central role of technological change is not new, we use economic analysis to shed new light on the process. Drawing on a model of technological choice first introduced by Paul David, we emphasise the importance of factor prices for the initial switch to modern capital intensive production methods in Britain, the rate of diffusion of these methods to other countries and path dependent technological change. In the cotton industry, particular emphasis is placed on the role of high wages, while in the iron industry, the price of coal is seen to pay an important part. We also draw on the idea of a General Purpose Technology to evaluate the role of steam power.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[99] = {
	memoNr: "100",
	memoTitle: "Financial Dependence and Industry Growth in Europe: Better Banks and Higher Productivity",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Michael Koetter",
	memoDate: "January 02, 2008",
	memoAbstract: "Financial development stimulates growth, in particular in industries dependent on external finance. In this paper we show that more efficient banks are particularly important in stimulating both output and productivity growth, while traditional volume measures of finance are much less important for productivity growth. For this we exploit firm-level information to measure the dependence of industries on external finance and the efficiency of intermediaries. Our results are in line with Schumpeter's (1912) contention that bankers provide resources to the most deserving entrepreneurs. Within the EU-25, growth gains are concentrated in the new member states.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[98] = {
	memoNr: "99",
	memoTitle: "Regional Capital Inputs in Chinese Industry and Manufacturing, 1978-2003",
	authorLastName: "Wang",
	authorFirstName: "Lili",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Adam Szirmai",
	memoDate: "April 01, 2008",
	memoAbstract: "This paper provides new estimates of capital inputs in the Chinese economy. Estimates are made for the total economy (1953-2003), for the industrial sector (1978-2003) and for the manufacturing sector (1985-2003). The estimates for industry and manufacturing are broken down by thirty regions. The main contribution of this paperlies in constructing hitherto unvailable estimates of capital inputs at the level of Chinese regions. The paper makes a systematic attempt to apply SNA concepts to the estimation of Chinese capital inputs, according to the Perpetual Inventory Method. It makes a clear distinction between capital services and wealth capital stocks. After a general discussion of theoretical issues in capital measurement, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the relevant Chinese statistical concepts and data. It goes on to discuss previous capital estimates in the light of the modern conceptual and theoretical discussions. It ends with an explanation of the procedures followed in constructing the national and regional capital input series.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[97] = {
	memoNr: "98",
	memoTitle: "A Cross-country Database For Sectoral Employment And Productivity in Asia and Latin America, 1950-2005",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Gaaitzen de Vries",
	memoDate: "August 01, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "This paper presents a new panel data set with annual time series of value added and persons employed for ten sectors of the economy. The database allows for consistent comparisons of output, employment and productivity trends in developing countries in Asia and Latin America during the period 1950-2005. It is based on an in-depth country-by-country study of available statistics to ensure consistency over time, across countries and across variables. Compared to the World Bank World Development Indicators, it offers more sectoral detail in the services sector, and longer and consistent time-series, in particular for employment. The new data set can be useful for a wide range of studies into the patterns and determinants of economic growth. In an illustrative analysis we identify accelerantions and decelerations in economic growht and perform a sectoral decomposition analysis. We find that accelerations in aggregate growth are mainly explained by productivity increases within sectors, not by reallocation of employment to more productive sectors. Challenging conventional wisdom, productivity improvements in market services appear to be more important than productivity growth in manufacturing.",
	app1URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd98_app1.pdf",
	app1Txt: "Appendix A",
	app2URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd98_app2.pdf",
	app2Txt: "Appendix B",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[96] = {
	memoNr: "97",
	memoTitle: "Solidarity as an Engine for Economic Change: The impact of Swedish and US Political Ideology on Wage Differentials and Structural Change",
	authorLastName: "Wulfgramm",
	authorFirstName: "Melike",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "June 01, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "This paper investigates the impact of interindustry wage distribution on structural change in the Swedish and US manufacturing sector in the 1970s. Structural change in the centralized Swedish labour market reacts far more positive to market pressures towards wage changes than structural change in the decentralized US labour market. Support for the Rehn-Meidner model of solidarity wages and structural change is found. It is shown how opposing ideologies and policy making influence not only the wage pattern but also industry structures of economies.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[95] = {
	memoNr: "96",
	memoTitle: "Productivity and Unit Labor Cost in Indian Manufacturing: A Comparative Perspective",
	authorLastName: "Erumban",
	authorFirstName: "Abdul Azeez",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "October 01, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "This paper provides new evidence on the catch up potential and the competitive position of India's growing manufacturing sector. We compare output, labor productivity and unit labor costs levels of Indian manufacturing with Germany over the period 1980-2003. Labor productivity in this paper is measured mostly as value added per employee. Nevertheless, estimates of value added per hour worked are also provided whenever the data is available. These estimates are provided for 17 two-digit branches in registered manufacturing.",
	app1URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd96_app1.pdf",
	app1Txt: "Appendix",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[94] = {
	memoNr: "95",
	memoTitle: "Estimating Real Production and Expenditures Across Nations: A Proposal for Improving the Penn World Tables",
	authorLastName: "Feenstra",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Alan Heston, Marcel Timmer and Haiyan Deng",
	memoDate: "July 05, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper we propose a new approach to international comparisons of real GDP measured from the output-side. The traditional Gary-Khamis system to measure real GDP from the expenditure-side is modified to include differences in the terms of trade between countries. It is shown that this system has a strictly positive solution under mild assumptions. On the basis of a set of domestic final output, import and export prices and values for 151 countries in 1996, it is shown that differences between real GDP measured from the expenditure and output-side can be substantial, especially for small open economies.",
	app1URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd95_app1.pdf",
	app1Txt: "Appendix",
	app2URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd95_app2.xls",
	app2Txt: "Data",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[93] = {
	memoNr: "94c",
	memoTitle: "(Re)Construction Site of German Historical National Accounts: German Agricultural Employment, Production and Labour Productivity: A New Benchmark for 1936 and a Note on Hoffmann's Tales",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "January 01, 2008",
	memoAbstract: "This paper focuses on agricultural performance in 1936 as part of a comprehensive project to (re)construct a new and reliable benchmark for revising German historical national accounts. The new estimates presented here confirm the poor agricultural performance of Germany compared with other developed economies. The new figures are even significantly lower than Hoffmann's estimates: In particular, this is shown for key variables like gross and net value added and labour productivity. The benchmark year of 1936 is considered to be representative of the inter-war years. Consequently, once again my statement is confirmed that one should keep away from Hoffmann's figures when discussing any aspect of economic failure of the Weimar Republic or economic recovery after Hitler came to power.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[92] = {
	memoNr: "94b",
	memoTitle: "(Re)Construction Site of German Historical National Accounts: German Industrial Employment 1925, 1933, 1936 and 1939: A New Benchmark for 1936 and a Note on Hoffmann's Tales",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 04, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "The industrial census of 1936 did not include all industrial firms; for certain industrial groups data of small firms were not recorded. This article describes the estimation of employment (4 million) which has to be added to the recorded number of 8 million employees. The estimated figure is confronted with the figures of the workplace censuses of 1925, 1933 and 1939 on the one hand and with the compilation by Hoffmann on the other hand. Whereas the estimate is in line with the workplace censuses it deviates significantly from Hoffmann's numbers. Scrutinising them reveals serious distortions in their level, trend and yearly fluctuations. By implication, this objection does not only hold for the employment figures but for time series on production and levels of labour productivity as well. Consequently, one should keep away from Hoffmann's figures when discussing any aspect of economic failure of the Weimar Republic or economic recovery after Hitler came to power.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[91] = {
	memoNr: "94a",
	memoTitle: "(Re)Construction Site of German Historical National Accounts: Machine Building: A New Benchmark before World War I",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 03, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "The figure most commonly used as benchmark for the output of machinery before WW I is based on an estimate by the Association of German Machinery Producers (VDMA). It estimated that all German firms together had sold machines worth 2,800 million Marks in 1913.Using a recently detected detailed report, filed in the Federal Archives in Berlin-Lichterfelde, on the internal statistics of VDMA results in alternative figures for the benchmark year 1913. Besides the original figure of VDMA two different new benchmark figures are presented here, namely 2,700 m. M (VDMA modified) and 2,600 m. M (according to Rech). The two new benchmark figures for 1913, in combination with a new production index, yield two time series for German machinery output between 1909 and 1918.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[90] = {
	memoNr: "93",
	memoTitle: "Was It Really 'Growth with Equity' under Soeharto? A Theil Analysis of Indonesian Income Inequality, 1961-2002",
	authorLastName: "Frankema",
	authorFirstName: "Ewout",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Daan Marks",
	memoDate: "July 02, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "For over three decades (1966-1998) socio-economic policies in Indonesia were founded on Soeharto's development trilogy 'growth, stability and equity'. Literature agrees that the policy goals of growth and stability were met by and large, but remains inconclusive about equity. In this paper we estimate Theil indices of sector income distribution to evaluate the impact of structural change on the trend of Indonesian income inequality for the period 1961-2002. Where conventional Gini-coefficients based on household expenditure surveys suggest that Indonesian income equality is comparatively confined and reveals no long run tendency in either upward or downward direction, our results indicate that inter and intra-sector income inequality increased rapidly under Soeharto, as well as the share of the labour force engaged in informal sector activities.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[89] = {
	memoNr: "91",
	memoTitle: "Do 'Liberal Market Economies' Really Innovate More Radically than 'Coordinated Market Economies'? Hall & Soskice Reconsidered",
	authorLastName: "Akkermans",
	authorFirstName: "Dirk",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Carolina Castaldi and Bart Los",
	memoDate: "March 02, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "In their influential book Varieties of Capitalism; The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Peter A. Hall and David Soskice argue that the technological specialization patterns of developed countries are largely determined by the 'varieties of capitalism' prevailing in these countries. They hypothesize that 'liberal market economies' (LMEs) specialize in radical innovation, while 'coordinated market economies' (CMEs) focus more on incremental innovation. We argue that Hall and Soskice's empirical test of this hypothesis is fundamentally flawed and propose a more appropriate and rigorous test of their conjecture, based on patent citation data. The manufacturing-wide industry-level results indicate that the hypothesis does not survive further scrutiny.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[88] = {
	memoNr: "90",
	memoTitle: "Censuses compared. A New Benchmark for British and German Manufacturing 1935/1936",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Herman de Jong and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "April 01, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "We present a new estimate of Anglo-German manufacturing output and productivity levels by industry for 1935/36. It is based on newly explored archival data on German manufacturing together with published British census data. We calculate comparative levels of value added, correcting for differences in prices for outputs and inputs. This so-called double deflation procedure provides new insights into productivity comparisons because output- and input price structures differed greatly between the two countries. Although the new calculations confirm existing results at an aggregate level, they reveal important differences at the industry level and show how Germany was striving for autarky as it prepared its economy for war.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[87] = {
	memoNr: "89",
	memoTitle: "Mind the gap! International Comparisons of Productivity in Services and Goods Production",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Marcel Timmer and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "October 02, 2006",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper, we make a comparison of industry output, inputs and productivity growth and levels between seven advanced economies (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK and U.S.). Our industry-level growth accounts make use of input data on labour quantity (hours) and composition (schooling levels), and distinguish between six different types of capital assets (including three ICT assets). The comparisons of levels rely on industry-specific purchasing power parities (PPPs) for output and inputs, within a consistent input-output framework for the year 1997. Our results show that differences in productivity growth and levels can mainly be traced to market services, not to goods-producing industries. Part of the strong productivity growth in market services in Anglo-Saxon countries, such as Australia and Canada, may be related to relatively low productivity levels compared to the U.S. In contrast, services productivity levels in continental European countries were on par with the U.S. in 1997, but growth in Europe was much weaker since then. In terms of factor input use, the U.S. is very different from all other countries, mostly because of the more intensive use of ICT capital in the U.S.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[86] = {
	memoNr: "88",
	memoTitle: "The Properties of Sectoral Growth: Evidence from Four Large European Economies",
	authorLastName: "Castaldi",
	authorFirstName: "Carolina",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Sandro Sapio",
	memoDate: "October 01, 2006",
	memoAbstract: "This paper follows a stream of literature on the empirics of sectoral growth rates, originated by Castaldi and Dosi (2004) on 2-digit international manufacturing and service sectors, and by Sapio and Thoma's (2006) study on 4-digit U.S. manufacturing industries. In our analysis, we focus on the growth of value added in NACE 5-digit sectors in France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom between 1995 and 2003. We find that the volatility of sectoral growth rates is negatively correlated with sectoral size, according to a power law, but with steeper slopes than for firms and U.S. sectors. Rescaled sectoral growth rates are well-described by a Laplace distribution in most years. The outcomes of this statistical analysis provide a further empirical foundation to a view of sectoral growth, wherein inter-firm correlations, market concentration, and positive intersectoral feedbacks play a major role.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[85] = {
	memoNr: "87",
	memoTitle: "Lifetimes of Machinery and Equipment. Evidence from Dutch Manufacturing",
	authorLastName: "Azeez",
	authorFirstName: "Abdul Erumban",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 02, 2006",
	memoAbstract: "This paper estimates service lifetimes for capital assets in Dutch manufacturing industries, using information on asset retirement patterns. A Weibull distribution function is estimated using a nonlinear regression technique to derive service lifetimes for three selected asset types: transport equipment, machinery and computers. For this purpose the benchmark capital stock surveys for different two digit industries are linked to annual discard surveys. On average the estimated lifetimes are respectively 6, 9 and 26 years for transport equipments, computers and machinery. However, these estimates vary across industries. A comparison of our estimates with Canadian, US and Japanese estimates shows notable differences in the lifetimes of all the asset types, with machinery showing the largest difference.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[84] = {
	memoNr: "86",
	memoTitle: "Measuring and Analysing Educational Inequality: The Distribution of Grade Enrolment Rates in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa",
	authorLastName: "Frankema",
	authorFirstName: "Ewout",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Jutta Bolt",
	memoDate: "April 02, 2006",
	memoAbstract: "Cross-country research on educational inequality presents contrasting views on the extent of educational inequality in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. The differences in opinion also concern the relation between educational inequality and income inequality. This paper argues that part of the reported results are influenced by the type of inequality indicator applied. Moreover, there may be a separate effect of educational attainment and educational distribution on income inequality, which cannot be discerned properly by conventional indicators (in particular the Gini-coefficient faces this problem). A new indicator of educational distribution, which we coined the grade enrolment ratio, focuses at the distribution of students among consecutive grades in schooling, apart from average years of schooling (attainment). We find that the grade enrolment ratio outperforms the other indicators in explaining cross-country variation in income inequality and accurately assesses Latin American and Sub-Saharan African educational inequality.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[83] = {
	memoNr: "85",
	memoTitle: "Productivity Levels in Transport, Storage and Communication: A New ICOP 1997 Data Set",
	authorLastName: "Ypma",
	authorFirstName: "Gerard",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 01, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "This working paper provides industry-specific purchasing power parities for gross output in the transportation and communication sector. The calculation of these output PPPs builds on earlier work by the International Comparisons of Output and Productivity (ICOP) project in this field. The paper reviews the existing methods and develops a new system which takes full advantage of the improved data situation. The study captures the transportation and communication sectors of 32 countries (EU-25, Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Taiwan and United States). The second part of the paper applies the PPPs to productivity measures obtained from the EU KLEMS database and the 60-industry Database of the Groningen Growth and Development Centre. This results in a consistent and comparable set of productivity levels at detailed industry level. We find that differences in productivity between the United States and other industrialized countries are only partly due to differences in industry structure. The United States especially outperform the EU-15 and Asia on productivity levels in land transport. Eastern European countries are still showing much lower productivity levels, except for land transport where they can become a though competitor for the former EU-15.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[82] = {
	memoNr: "83",
	memoTitle: "Productivity Levels in Distributive Trades: A New ICOP Dataset for OECD Countries",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Gerard Ypma",
	memoDate: "April 01, 2006",
	memoAbstract: "This study provides a new dataset for international comparisons of labour productivity levels in distributive trade (retail and wholesale trade) between OECD countries. The productivity level comparisons are based on a harmonised set of Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) for 1997 using the industry-of-origin approach as developed in the International Comparisons of Output and Productivity (ICOP) project. The methodology mimics current national accounts practice in measuring real output over time. The comparative estimates are extrapolated from the benchmark year using those national accounts series. The main finding of this study is that there is still a wide variety in labour productivity levels in the distribution sector across the OECD area. In 2002, the Germany, the Benelux and Scandinavian countries (except Sweden) were leading in terms of PPP-converted value added per hour worked with higher levels than in the U.S.. In Asia, the comparative labour productivity level is on average 39% of the U.S. level, whereas it is 48% on average in Eastern Europe. Within the 'old' EU-15, countries like Italy, Portugal, Spain and the U.K. had relative levels less than 70% of the U.S.. There is no clear sign of convergence in productivity levels among OECD countries during the past two decades.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[81] = {
	memoNr: "82",
	memoTitle: "PPPs for Industry Output: A New Dataset for International Comparisons",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Gerard Ypma and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "March 01, 2007",
	memoAbstract: "International comparisons of output, prices and productivity have been hampered by the unavailability of comprehensive sets of PPPs at the industry level. Existing expenditure PPPs and production PPPs both have their limitations. This paper proposes to use a mix of both for industry level comparisons. On the basis of a supply-use framework, the paper identifies how expenditure prices and output prices are conceptually related. It develops criteria on the basis of which an optimal mix of expenditure PPPs and production PPPs can be chosen. The paper then shows a PPP dataset for gross output for 45 industries (capturing the total economy) and 25 advanced countries. This dataset is the first comprehensive dataset of PPPs covering this large number of industries and countries. We illustrate its potential for research purposes by analysing patterns of relative prices in manufacturing and services.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[80] = {
	memoNr: "81",
	memoTitle: "The Colonial Origins of Inequality: Exploring the Causes and Consequences of Land Distribution",
	authorLastName: "Frankema",
	authorFirstName: "Ewout",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 01, 2006",
	memoAbstract: "The colonial heritage of high land inequality in Latin American countries is still, after nearly two centuries of independence, one of the crucial underpinnings of its persistent high levels of income inequality. This paper assesses the colonial strategy of land redistribution in a global comparative perspective using new and existing land inequality figures in an OLS regression framework. The two central questions addressed are 1) what explains the cross-country variation in land inequality at the end of the colonial age? 2) how does initial land inequality relate to current income inequality? The main conclusions of the paper are that geography and factor endowments play a less decisive role than often argued in literature. And second, controlling for regional fixed effects, initial land inequality explains a substantial part of the present cross-country variation in current income inequality.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[79] = {
	memoNr: "80",
	memoTitle: "Unit Labour Costs, Productivity and International Competitiveness",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: ", Edwin Stuivenwold and Gerard Ypma",
	memoDate: "August 03, 2005",
	memoAbstract: "This paper provides international comparisons of relative levels of unit labour costs (ULC) for several OECD countries relative to the United States. The estimates are based on the Total Economy Database and the 60-Industry Database of the Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC), and are also included in the Key Indicators of the Labour Market of the International Labour Office (ILO). The paper discusses the concept of relative ULC measures in comparison to other measures of competitiveness. It presents the main results for manufacturing and total economy measures of ULC, and makes two digressions, firstly by also presenting results for some major manufacturing sectors for a few large European countries and the U.S. and, secondly, by showing some comparable results for developing countries. An important observation from this paper is that relative productivity levels tend to move more or less in tandem with relative labour cost levels so that unit labour cost levels are closer between countries than labour cost levels per se. However, unit labour cost levels are certainly not identical between countries, as there are important deviations due to short term movements in relative prices (related to fluctuation in the nominal exchange rate) and differences in industrial structure. Whereas some of the differences cancel out at the aggregate level, differences in industry and product composition are quite important at a more detailed level.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[78] = {
	memoNr: "79",
	memoTitle: "Catching Up or Getting Stuck? Europe's Troubles to Exploit ICT's Productivity Potential",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "and Robert Inklaar",
	memoDate: "September 01, 2005",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper we extend our previous analysis of the comparative productivity performance of Europe and the U.S. to 2004, thereby covering the latest full business cycle. Our main finding is that the slower contribution of ICT to productivity growth in the EU compared to the U.S. has persisted into the early part of the 21st century. The growth differential even increased since 2000, as the U.S. shows strong labour productivity advances in market services. This may be related to a more productive use of ICT in the U.S.. However, at industry level we find no support for significant TFP (total factor productivity) spillovers from ICT investment, neither in the U.S. nor in European countries. In the 1980s we even find that ICT investment and TFP growth are negatively related, with at best normal returns in the 1970s and 1990s. We speculate that this U-shaped pattern is driven by 'hard savings' from ICT investment that first lead to earning normal returns, followed by a period of experimentation during which ICT and TFP growth are negatively related. Ultimately, 'soft savings' lead to productivity gains from ICT in line with the marginal cost of ICT. We argue that the realization of productivity effects from soft savings is highly dependent on the competitive process that stimulates complementary innovations and weeds out inefficient users of ICT technology. Europe risks getting stuck in an environment where the productivity gains from soft savings from ICT remain unrealized.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[77] = {
	memoNr: "78",
	memoTitle: "Productivity and Participation: An International Comparison",
	authorLastName: "McGuckin",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "August 02, 2005",
	memoAbstract: "The purpose of this project is to increase our knowledge about trade-offs between productivity and labour market participation across the OECD, and more specifically in the European Union. The inquiry is focused around the question whether there is a trade-off between labour participation and productivity and, if so, how big it is and how long does it last. In particular, through a series of panel regressions we isolate the structural or long-term relationships, as well as identify how long the 'long-term' is. We also investigate the extent to which the trade-offs can be associated with particular types of workers (in terms of age or gender). Our main findings are, firstly, that the negative productivity response elasticity to a 1% rise in participation (measured as the employment rate) is less than 0.3 and peters out in less than 5 years. Secondly, increased participation is the key factor related to this productivity growth tradeoff. We find little effect of hours per worker on productivity. Thirdly, female participation has the strongest negative impact on productivity growth, but it is associated with specific age and/or cohort effects that are likely to diminish in the longer run. Finally, we investigate simple scenarios to look at the effect of increases in participation on productivity and per capita income, showing the large potential for income gains without much loss in productivity.",
	app1URL: "/publications/memorandum/gd78_app1.pdf",
	app1Txt: "Appendix",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[76] = {
	memoNr: "77",
	memoTitle: "The German Industrial Census of 1936, Statistics as Preparation for the War",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "August 01, 2005",
	memoAbstract: "In 1936, the Imperial Statistical Office of Germany carried out an industrial census using the concept of net-production or value-added. In 1939, these statistics were published with strategic sectors such as aircraft industry being hidden. Originally, this census and its forerunner of 1933 had been designed to compile an input-output-table for Germany as a basis for managing the business cycle. Finally, these date were used for constructing detailed material balance sheets, which served as a statistical basis for preparing the war.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[75] = {
	memoNr: "76",
	memoTitle: "Productivity Differentials in the U.S. and EU Distributive Trade Sector: Statistical Myth Or Reality?",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Robert Inklaar",
	memoDate: "April 03, 2005",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper we asses whether productivity growth differentials between the U.S. and Europe in the distributive trade sector are real or mainly a statistical myth. New estimates of retail trade productivity are constructed, taking into account purchase prices of goods sold. We also adjust U.S. wholesale productivity growth for the upward bias due to the use of constant-quality prices of ICT-goods sales. We find that multifactor productivity growth in the U.S. has been higher than in Europe after 1995, but that this lead is smaller than suggested by national accounts based estimates. This finding is robust for various productivity measurement models.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[74] = {
	memoNr: "75",
	memoTitle: "Does the European Union Need to Revive Productivity Growth?",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "April 02, 2005",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[73] = {
	memoNr: "74",
	memoTitle: "Cyclical Productivity in Europe and the United States, Evaluating the Evidence on Returns to Scale and Input Utilization",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "April 01, 2005",
	memoAbstract: "This paper studies procyclical productivity growth at the industry level in the U.S. and in three European countries (France, Germany and the Netherlands). Industry-specific demand-side instruments are used to examine the prevalence of non-constant returns to scale and unmeasured input utilization. For the aggregate U.S. economy, unmeasured input utilization seems to explain procyclical productivity. However, this correction still leaves one in three U.S. industries with procyclical productivity and in Europe the model is mostly unsuccessful in explaining the cyclicality of productivity.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[72] = {
	memoNr: "73",
	memoTitle: "Standard Errors as Weights in Multilateral Price Indices",
	authorLastName: "Hill",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "November 01, 2004",
	memoAbstract: "A number of multilateral methods for computing price indexes use bilateral comparisons as their basic building blocks. Some of these methods, such as the weighted-EKS and minimum-spanning-tree (MST) methods, give greater weight to those bilateral comparisons that are deemed more reliable (an adjustment that is particularly important for a heterogeneous set of countries). No consensus currently exists in the literature as to the best measure of reliability. Diewert (2002), in particular, proposes a number of reliability measures in an axiomatic setting. Existing measures (including all of Diewert's), however, fail to penalize bilateral comparisons when there is a small overlap in the products priced by each country. It is exactly in such situations that weighted methods are potentially most useful, but only if the reliability measure penalizes bilateral comparisons containing lots of gaps. Using a stochastic model, we show how the standard errors on bilateral price indexes provide a natural measure of reliability that automatically penalizes comparisons containing lots of gaps. Furthermore, we link these standard errors with the existing literature by showing that they are a generalization of one of Diewert's reliability measures. This finding provides an interesting new link between the axiomatic and stochastic approaches to index numbers. Also, these standard errors can be modified for use in consumer data sets below the basic-heading level (where no expenditure shares are available), a scenario of direct relevance to the latest round of the International Comparison Program (ICP) currently being undertaken at the World Bank. Finally, we apply our methodology to an international data set on agricultural production that contains a lot of gaps. Our results clearly demonstrate the appeal of weighted methods and the importance of adjusting the reliability measures for gaps in the data. Failure to do so may compromise weighted methods precisely in situations where they are most needed.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[71] = {
	memoNr: "72",
	memoTitle: "The Swedish ICT Miracle: Myth or Reality?",
	authorLastName: "Edquist",
	authorFirstName: "Harald",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "May 02, 2004",
	memoAbstract: "This paper investigates the relative labor productivity level for total manufacturing in Germany, Sweden and the US for the period 1980-2001. The paper also presents estimates of labor productivity levels for 18 different manufacturing industries for the period 1993-2000. The results show that the Swedish manufacturing productivity caught up with German and US productivity in the 1990s, overtaking the German level in 1995 and coming very close to the US level by the end of the 1990s. It has been argued that much of the Swedish surge in labor productivity during the second half of the 1990s was due to the spectacular growth of the Radio, television and communication equipment (RTC) (ISIC 32) industry. However, this paper shows that since 1998 Swedish RTC productivity has been declining relative to the corresponding industry in Germany and the US. Moreover, it is shown that the productivity growth of the ICT-producing industries is very sensitive to the value added price deflators that are used to calculate real value added growth rates. Unlike Sweden, the US uses hedonic price indexes for semiconductors and microprocessors. Therefore estimates based on the US intermediate input price deflators for semiconductors and microprocessors suggest that the productivity growth of the Swedish RTC industry during the 1990s is partly a statistical artefact. This implies that the productivity growth of total manufacturing also has been overestimated.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[70] = {
	memoNr: "71",
	memoTitle: "Productivity and Employment Growth An Empirical Review of Long and Medium Run Evidence",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: ", Ewout Frankema and Hedwig Duteweerd",
	memoDate: "May 01, 2004",
	memoAbstract: "This study argues that the creation of productive jobs is the key to economic growth, social development and improvements in living standards. The study provides extensive empirical evidence showing that the long run trend has been towards simultaneous growth in per capita income, productivity and employment growth. However, depending on the type of indicator and the time frame adopted, there are legitimate concerns about the distribution of the productivity and welfare gains from growth both within as well as between countries. Following the analysis of the long term growth pattern (Chapter 2), the study investigates under which conditions, in which regions and which industries a trade-off occurs between productivity and employment growth. In Chapter 3 patterns of employment-productivity trade-offs are established across regions and time periods at the macro level. Chapter 4 focuses on sectors of the economy. In Chapter 5 the study discusses the policy areas that will be most conducive to breaking or reducing the trade-off between productivity growth and employment in order to exploit the long run growth potential. We argue that, in addition to sound macroeconomic policies, a sensible role for market forces in allocating resources to their most productive uses is important. However, the key challenge is to create an institutional environment that can alleviate some of the negative effects in the short and medium run while not hampering the realisation of the long run growth potential. Support to the creation of social capabilities and national innovation systems are important policy areas to achieve this goal. While strengthening an economy's fundamentals in the short and medium run, these also contribute to the virtuous circle of productivity growth, employment creation and poverty alleviation, which is the main theme of the ILO World Employment Report 2004.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[69] = {
	memoNr: "70",
	memoTitle: "International Convergence and Divergence of Material Input Structures: An Industry-Level Perspective",
	authorLastName: "Dietzenbacher",
	authorFirstName: "Erik",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Alex Hoen, Bart Los and Jan Meist",
	memoDate: "April 01, 2004",
	memoAbstract: "This note analyzes whether international material input structures have converged or diverged over time. Pooled variances for 25 industries were obtained from OECD input-output tables in constant prices for nine countries over the period 1971-1990. It is found that high-tech industries were mainly characterized by divergence of material input structures, whereas convergence was found for many low-tech, more mature industries. In line with studies on (labor) productivity growth rates, convergence of material input structures was prevalent in the 1970s, while divergence dominated in the 1980s.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[68] = {
	memoNr: "69",
	memoTitle: "Productivity, Innovation and ICT in Old and New Europe",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "and Marcin Piatkowski",
	memoDate: "March 01, 2004",
	memoAbstract: "This paper investigates the productivity performance of CEE countries vis-a-vis the EU-15 during the 1990s to detect sources of convergence between the two regions. The paper shows that changes in labour intensity have been an important source of productivity convergence during the 1990s, and are likely to remain so in the near future. It is also found that despite lower income levels, ICT capital in the CEE-10 has contributed as much to labour productivity growth as in the EU-15. Industry analysis shows that manufacturing industries that have invested heavily in ICT have been key to the restructuring process. As such ICT may therefore have been an important but probably temporary source of convergence. In the longer run the impact of ICT on growth will have to come primarily from its productive use in services. The paper therefore includes a New Economy Indicator that reflects the existence of conducive environment for continued ICT investment and diffusion. It shows that further reforms are much needed for CEE countries to enter a second convergence phase in the coming decades.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[67] = {
	memoNr: "68",
	memoTitle: "ICT and Europe's Productivity Performance, Industry-level Growth Account Comparisons with the United States",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Mary O'Mahony and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "December 01, 2003",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper we present a new industry-level database to analyse sources of growth in four major European countries: France, Germany, Netherlands and United Kingdom (EU-4), in comparison with the United States for the period 1979-2000. Aggregate labour productivity growth is decomposed into industry-level contributions of labour quality, ICT and non-ICT capital deepening and TFP. A small set of service industries is mainly responsible for the acceleration in ICT capital deepening in both regions, but their contribution to growth is lower in the EU-4 than in the U.S. TFP in these industries accelerated in the U.S in the 1990s, but not in Europe. In addition, widespread deceleration in non-ICT capital deepening in the EU-4 has led to a European productivity slowdown. This is linked to wage moderation in the 1990s.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[66] = {
	memoNr: "67",
	memoTitle: "IT in the European Union: Driving Productivity Divergence?",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Gerard Ypma and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "October 01, 2003",
	memoAbstract: "This paper analyses the contributions of IT-capital deepening and total factor productivity growth (TFP) in IT-production on aggregate labour productivity growth patterns within the European Union in comparison with the US. We find that differences in the direct effects of IT almost fully explain the US lead in labour productivity growth over the EU aggregate over the period 1995-2001. However differences in the direct effects of IT are by no means the sole determinants of the widening of the 'Atlantic Divide', neither the main cause of divergent labour productivity growth patterns within Europe. Non-IT capital deepening and non-IT TFP growth were major contributors to continued or even accelerating growth in small economies such as Austria, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Sweden. In Finland, Sweden and especially Ireland this was augmented by high contributions from IT, which were even higher than in the US. At the same time, decelerating labour productivity growth in major European countries such as France, Germany, Italy and the UK was mainly due to declining contributions of non-IT capital deepening and non-IT TFP growth compared to the period 1980-1995.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[65] = {
	memoNr: "66",
	memoTitle: "The Productivity Problem of the Dutch Economy: Implications for Economic and Social Policies and Business Strategy",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "September 01, 2003",
	memoAbstract: "This paper provides an overview of productivity issues in relation to the performance of the Dutch economy since the 1980s. It looks in particular at the reasons for the slowdown in productivity growth during the second half of the 1990s. Productivity measures are analyzed in relation to per capita income, labour market indicators and various measures of efficiency. The paper then provides a detailed sectoral perspective of productivity growth, with a focus on the role of technology (ICT) and innovation. Considerable attention is also given to the role of intangible inputs, including human capital, knowledge capital and organizational capital. The Dutch policy environment is discussed from the perspectives of macroeconomic and structural policies to support productivity growth. The paper concludes that the potential for faster productivity growth in the Netherlands is quite substantial, in particular in (service) industries that are intensive users of ICT. However, a restructuring of the economic environment is a crucial condition to realize this potential. The paper also stresses the need for business strategies that exploit the combined effects of innovation and investment in ICT and intangibles.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[64] = {
	memoNr: "65",
	memoTitle: "Alternative Price Indices for Computers in the Netherlands using Scanner data",
	authorLastName: "Mulligen",
	authorFirstName: "Peter Hein",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 03, 2003",
	memoAbstract: "Using a scanner data set that covers nearly all computer sales in the Netherlands for a period of three years, this paper investigates whether there is a significant difference between a matched model index and a hedonic imputed index, which also takes non-matched observations into account. The result of this study was that this does not appear to be the case. The lack of significance of the difference can be attributed to two reasons: the high share in sales values of the matched items, and the mediocre fit of the hedonic model. Given the fact that an earlier study based on a different data set (Van Mulligen, 2002) also pointed out that the difference between a matched model index and a hedonic imputed index is small, we draw the conclusion that making explicit adjustments for non-matched items is not necessary. Although the official CPI for computers also uses the matched model methodology, it appears to introduce a substantial downward bias in the actual quality adjusted price index, due to biased sampling and the lack of representative weighting of individual items. The main area for improvement of the CPI for computers (and possibly other durables as well) lies therefore in more frequent sampling, weighting and chaining of the indices rather than making explicit quality adjustments.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[63] = {
	memoNr: "64",
	memoTitle: "'Losing Ground' Japanese Labour Productivity and Unit Labour Cost in Manufacturing in Comparison to the U.S.",
	authorLastName: "Inklaar",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Harry Wu and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "July 02, 2003",
	memoAbstract: "This paper looks at several measures of competitiveness for the Japanese manufacturing sector relative to the United States over the period 1980-2000. Using industry-specific unit-value ratios (UVRs) we show that labour productivity in Japanese manufacturing lags considerably behind the U.S. and that the Japanese position has worsened during the 1990s. In 2000, value added per hour worked in Japanese manufacturing stood at 72 percent of the U.S. level after peaking at 79 percent in 1991. Underneath this aggregate estimate though, there is a wide range of branch-specific labour productivity levels. Japanese manufacturing has also suffered from rising unit labour cost levels. The long-term trend of a strengthening yen has eroded Japanese cost competitiveness in nearly all branches between 1980 and 2000, although ULC levels have declined somewhat from 1995 onwards due to a more favourable exchange rate development and moderate wage growth in Japan. Still, in 2000 unit labour cost in Japanese manufacturing was still 27 percent above the U.S. level. In comparison, in 1980 Japanese unit labour cost stood at only 82 percent of the U.S. level.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[62] = {
	memoNr: "63",
	memoTitle: "Manufacturing Performance in Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan before and after the Crisis. An international Perspective, 1980-2000",
	authorLastName: "Stuivenwold",
	authorFirstName: "Edwin",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "July 01, 2003",
	memoAbstract: "This paper analyses developments of comparative output and productivity levels in 17 manufacturing industries in Taiwan, South Korea and Indonesia compared to the United States for the period 1980-2000. In order to express value added in a common currency, unit value ratios are developed for the benchmark year 1997. The study provides an update and extension of the benchmark studies for 1987 of Taiwan (Timmer, 1998), South Korea (Pilat, 1994) and Indonesia (Szirmai, 1994). In addition, comparisons of unit labour cost are made. It is shown that the Asian financial crisis has led to a quick restructuring process in South Korea which maintained its catch-up trend with the US during the 1990s. The level of value added per hour worked in 2000 is 35% of the US. On the other hand, performance in Taiwanese manufacturing dwindled in the 1990s and it has almost lost it productivity lead over South Korea. In 2000, labour productivity was 40% of the US level. Catching up in Indonesia started to take off at the end of the 1980s but this process has been dramatically reversed in the aftermath of the 1997 financial crisis. It has barely recovered to pre-1997 levels and growth relies heavily on export industries with little productivity growth. In 2000, value added per hour worked in the medium and large scale industry is still below 10 % of the US level.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[61] = {
	memoNr: "62",
	memoTitle: "Constructing Price Indexes Across Space and Time: The Case of the European Union",
	authorLastName: "Hill",
	authorFirstName: "Robert",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "May 01, 2003",
	memoAbstract: "This paper considers the problem of how to construct and reconcile price indexes across space and time. Six methods for constructing price indexes on a panel are proposed along with five criteria for discriminating between them. Using these methods, spatial and temporal price indexes are computed for the 15 countries of the European Union (EU) over the period 1995-2000 using a panel data set constructed by merging, at a low level of aggregation, the EU's Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) with a cross-section of OECD data. These panel price indexes are then used to test whether or not price levels and relative prices converged across the EU over this period.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[60] = {
	memoNr: "61",
	memoTitle: "The 'Appropriate Technology' Explanation of Productivity Growth Differentials: An Empirical Approach",
	authorLastName: "Los",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "April 01, 2003",
	memoAbstract: "This paper aims at giving empirical content to the recent Basu & Weil (1998) theory of growth, in which localized innovation and differences in speeds of capital intensification can yield several patterns of international convergence and divergence. Using data envelopment analysis techniques, a decomposition is presented in which labor productivity growth is decomposed into growth due to localized innovation, creating spillover potential through investment and assimilation of knowledge spillovers. Regression analysis shows that convergence in the 1970s and divergence in the 1980s were mainly driven by processes of creating spillover potential, but that the other two factors also had significant impacts.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[59] = {
	memoNr: "60",
	memoTitle: "'Changing Gear' Productivity, ICT and Services: Europe and the United States",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: ", Robert Inklaar and Robert McGuckin",
	memoDate: "December 01, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "This paper examines cross-country and cross-industry differences in labor productivity performance and their association with ICT. It broadens earlier work with coverage of 52 industries in 16 OECD countries. The analysis suggests that ICT diffusion in Europe is following similar industry patterns to those observed in the U.S., but at a considerably slower pace. The key differences between Europe and the U.S. are in the intensive ICT-using services, with U.S. productivity growth showing a strong acceleration during the second half of the decade, whereas growth stalled in the EU. More specifically, the U.S. showed rapid productivity expansion in retail and wholesale trade and securities, which account for much of the overall U.S.-EU gap in productivity growth since 1995. In the ICT-producing sector, computers and communication equipment showed strong productivity growth and acceleration in virtually all countries, but differences are much bigger across countries for ICT-producing services, such as telecom services.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[58] = {
	memoNr: "59",
	memoTitle: "Tanzanian Manufacturing in Comparative Perspective",
	authorLastName: "Szirmai",
	authorFirstName: "Adam",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", M. Prins and W. Schulte",
	memoDate: "November 02, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "This paper presents a summary of new estimates of employment, nominal and real GDP in Tanzanian Manufacturing, 1961-1995. Time series of GDP and employment are placed in comparative perspective by linking them to benchmark level comparisons of GDP and employment for 1989. The first part of the paper (sections 2-4) deals with adjustments to nominal GDP, based on in depth analysis of the data of the 1989 industrial census, earlier census data and industrial surveys. Adjustments are made for undercoverage, omitted establishments, non-response and conceptual adjustments in the concept of value added. After adjustment, nominal manufacturing value added in establishments with 10 is substantially higher. The adjustments vary from 3% in 1978 to 127% in 1988. On average the upward adjustment is 52 per cent. New consistent time series of nominal GDP are presented both for aggregate 10+ manufacturing (1961-1995) and for six branches of manufacturing (1965-1995) The second part of the paper (section 5) focuses on the construction of a consistent long term index of industrial production, using weighted quantity relatives. The index is constructed for aggregate 10+ manufacturing and six branches. Corresponding indices of employment are derived, using the same adjustments for undercoverage, omitted establishments and non-response as in the case of GDP. The third section of the paper (section 6) presents a benchmark comparison of real value added relative to world manufacturing productivity leader, the USA. The benchmark uses average unit value ratio's to convert value added for purposes of real comparisons. These unit value ratio's are derived from the industrial census product listings in Tanzania and the USA, according to the industry of origin methodology of the international comparisons of output and productivity project (ICOP). Census listings contain quantity and value information, which are used to make product matches. in 1965 comparative labour productivity in aggregate manufacturing was around 9 per cent of the US level. It increased until 1973 to 11 per cent, followed by a long period of decline. By 1989 labour productivity stood at 3.7 of the US level.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[57] = {
	memoNr: "58",
	memoTitle: "South African Manufacturing Performance in International Perspective, 1970-1999",
	authorLastName: "Dijk",
	authorFirstName: "Michiel",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "November 01, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "This paper analyses the historical performance of the South African manufacturing sector in an international perspective. After a brief overview of the industrialisation process of South Africa during the 20th century, a binary comparison of manufacturing output and productivity between South Africa and the US is presented. The industry-of-origin approach is used to construct unit value ratios (UVRs), as an alternative to the exchange range for converting US and South African output data into the same currency. Subsequently, the UVRs are used to estimate labour and total factor productivity levels for total manufacturing and 13 manufacturing branches for the period 1970-1999 in comparison to the USA. Next, these results are used to compute relative unit labour costs, which shed light on the international competitiveness of the South African manufacturing sector at a detailed level. The study is part of the International Comparisons of output and Productivity (ICOP) project carried out at the universities of Groningen and Eindhoven. We find that there exists a considerable labour and total productivity gap between the US and South Africa, which is continuously widening over time. In 1970, labour productivity stood at 32 percent of US level, while it was only 20 percent in 1999. With respect to relative unit labour costs, the results show that on average, South Africa is competitive with the USA, albeit there are some industries which show consistent relative unit labour costs above US level.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[56] = {
	memoNr: "57",
	memoTitle: "A Benchmark Comparison of East and West German Industrial Labour Productivity in 1954",
	authorLastName: "Sleifer",
	authorFirstName: "Jaap",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "October 01, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "This paper presents a level comparison of the East and West German industrial labour productivity in 1954. According to this estimate, which is based on the quantity approach, the East German industrial labour productivity in 1954 amounted from 61.6 to 64.7 percent of the West German level. For the manufacturing sector only the relative labour productivity amounted from 58 to 60 percent of the West German level. East German relative labour productivity based on value added is somewhat higher than based on sales value as shown above. Shift share analysis shows that the productivity gap is primarily located in the branch 'Metal, Machinery, Transports'. This branch suffered a lot from the reparations to the Soviet Union.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[55] = {
	memoNr: "56",
	memoTitle: "ICT Investments and Growth Accounts for the European Union 1980-2000",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: ", Johanna Melka, Nanno Mulder, Marcel Timmer and Gerard Ypma",
	memoDate: "September 01, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "This report provides new series of ICT investment and ICT capital, estimates of the contribution of ICT capital to output and labour productivity growth, and the TFP contribution stemming from ICT production for the European Union from 1980 to 2000. The investment numbers are based on series from national statistical offices, complemented with new estimates which are specifically constructed for this study. The main findings are that even though real investment and capital service flows in the EU increased as rapidly as in the U.S., the shares of ICT in total investment and capital service flows in the EU have been approximately half to two thirds of the U.S. level throughout the period. In relative terms ICT capital in the EU was at only one-third to half of the U.S. contribution to labour productivity growth up to the mid 1990s. Since the mid 1990s the relative contribution of ICT capital improved, but overall EU productivity growth collapsed. The study shows large variations in terms of ICT and TFP contributions to labour productivity growth between European countries, but no EU country (except Ireland) is ahead of the U.S. in terms of the total contribution from ICT. These findings might suggest that the EU is just lagging behind the U.S. in terms of ICT contributions to productivity growth. But the recent decline in aggregate productivity growth in Europe suggests that other factors, such as regulations and structural impediments in product and labour markets, may be standing in the way of a rapid catch-up of Europe on the U.S. as well.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[54] = {
	memoNr: "55",
	memoTitle: "Foreign Trade-Transfer-Adaptation: the British Iron Making Technology on the Continent (Belgium and France)",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "August 02, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[53] = {
	memoNr: "54",
	memoTitle: "European Railways 1825-2001, an Overview",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "August 01, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[52] = {
	memoNr: "53",
	memoTitle: "Zambian Manufacturing in Comparative Perspective",
	authorLastName: "Szirmai",
	authorFirstName: "Adam",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Francis Yamfwa and Chibwe Lwamba",
	memoDate: "January 04, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "This paper presents an analysis of Zambian manufacturing performance since 1964. It presents new estimates of labour productivity growth and total factor productivity growth. After a period of growth and labour productivity improvement till 1974, Zambian manufacturing suffered from increasing inefficiencies in an import substituting and interventionist environment. Growth of output slowed down, labour productivity and investment declined, though TFP showed some fluctuation. In the period of liberalisation between 1991-95, output shrank dramatically, TFP collapsed and labour productivity continued to decline. After 1995 indicators of performance point to a modest recovery. Following an industry-of-origin approach to international comparisons, the Zambian estimates are placed in comparative perspective in a binary comparison with the USA. In 1990, labour productivity in Zambia stood at 5.9 percent of the US level, while relative total factor productivity stood at 16.7 percent. Over time comparative labour productivity has been declining, indicating an increasing technology gap relative to the world frontier. By 1998, comparative labour productivity stood at 3.2 percent of the US level.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[51] = {
	memoNr: "52",
	memoTitle: "Brazil and Mexico's Manufacturing Performance in International Perspective, 1970-1998",
	authorLastName: "Mulder",
	authorFirstName: "Nanno",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Sylvie Montout and Luis Peres Lopes",
	memoDate: "January 03, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "This paper studies the labour productivity performances of Brazil and Mexico in international perspective by comparing them with the United States, one of the international productivity leaders, during the period 1970-99. Brazil and Mexico are compared separately with the USA, in 1985 and 1988 respectively using the International Comparisons of Output and Productivity (ICOP) method. With ICOP, detailed sectoral-specific conversion factors (unit value ratios, UVRs) are estimated to express value added per person engaged in a common currency. Brazilian productivity was 43 per cent of the US level in 1985 and that of Mexico 27 per cent of the US in 1988. The extrapolation to the 1970-99 period shows that the productivity gaps of the Latin countries with the USA widened, in particular in the 1980s. In the 1990s, Brazil managed to stabilise the productivity differential, whereas Mexico continued to loose ground relative to the USA. The paper also checks the validity of the benchmark results by confronting them with the national accounts. Moreover, the quality of the extrapolations is assessed by comparing them with benchmark comparisons for 1975.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[50] = {
	memoNr: "51",
	memoTitle: "The Canada-US Manufacturing Gap Revisited: New ICOP Results",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: ", Robert Inklaar and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "January 02, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "This paper applies the ICOP methodology for industry-of-origin comparisons to measure the manufacturing productivity gap between Canada and the United States. The paper discusses the ICOP method and presents recent refinements to the methodology in order to meet some of the criticisms that were raised earlier. It then presents provisional estimates of a fresh comparison of relative levels of manufacturing productivity between the two countries for 1997. Finally the paper revisits the long term trend of comparative labour productivity between the two countries and compares the outcomes with those from earlier studies.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[49] = {
	memoNr: "50",
	memoTitle: "New Estimates of Labour Productivity in the Manufacturing sectors of Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, 1996",
	authorLastName: "Monnikhof",
	authorFirstName: "Erik",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "January 01, 2002",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper we provide benchmark comparisons of manufacturing unit value ratios and productivity levels for the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland relative to Germany in 1996. On average, manufacturing prices were about half of those in Germany for all three countries. Hungary was characterised by relatively low price levels in Food Processing, but relatively high price levels in Chemicals, Rubber and Plastic Products, Non-Metallic Mineral Products and Electrical Equipment. Poland appeared weak on price competitiveness in Wood and Wood Products and Printing and Publishing. The Czech Republic has relatively low price levels in Chemicals. For Total Manufacturing, Hungary shows a clear productivity advantage despite a comparable relative price level (compare Figure 1). The Hungarian productivity advantage is in strong Food Products, Paper and Printing, and Wood Products (even though in the latter case it is benefitting from low relative price levels), but also in Machinery and Transport Equipment and in Other Manufacturing. The Polish productivity level is high in Rubber and Plastic Products, and in the Czech Republic it is high in Chemicals, which in both cases is reflected by relatively low price levels. Czech productivity is also relatively high in Non-Metallic Minerals.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[48] = {
	memoNr: "49",
	memoTitle: "Comparative Labour Productivity Performance in Chinese Manufacturing, 1952-1997: An ICOP PPP Approach",
	authorLastName: "Wu",
	authorFirstName: "Harry",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 02, 2001",
	memoAbstract: "This study joins the debate of whether Chinese manufacturing has experienced a significant catch-up with or a process of falling behind the world's advanced economies. It calculates a new set of industry-of-origin China-US PPPs for major manufactuing industries at 1987 prices. Then using a newly constructed data set, it derives China's comparative labour productivity level in manufacturing for 1952-97. The results show that China's comparative labour productivity increased from about 3.0 in 1952 to 7.6 in 1997 (USA=100), but with a long stagnation at around 4.5 between 1958 and 1990. A clear catch-up process has been onserved since the 1990s when China's market-oriented reformd deepened.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[47] = {
	memoNr: "48",
	memoTitle: "Long term Patterns in Swedish Growth and Structural Change, 1870-1990",
	authorLastName: "Vikstrom",
	authorFirstName: "Peter",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 01, 2001",
	memoAbstract: "The aim of this paper is to examine long-term patterns in growth and structural change in the Swedish economic development between 1870 and 1990. The analysis is based on a systematic quantitative analysis that previously has not been applied to the Swedish economic performance. The analysis includes an explicit measure of the rate of structural change and a time series analysis based on structural time series models. This methodology makes it possible to examine long-term trends of the growth and structural change process. The results of the analysis reveal that the Swedish long-term economic performance between 1870 and 1990 can be divided into four sub periods, with important changes occurring in the early 1920s and the late 1960s. The results are then contrasted with two perspectives on long-term economic performance. The first is the periodisation based on alternating periods of structural change and structural rationalisation that is specific for Swedish economic-historical research. The second perspective focuses on the role of technological shifts that lead to changes in the growth performance, making it possible to identify growth periods or growth regimes. The empirical results of the analysis of the Swedish development lend support to the growth regime approach, but as the analysis is based on highly aggregated data, it is not possible at his stage to reject one approach in favour of the other.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[46] = {
	memoNr: "47",
	memoTitle: "Multilateralisation of Manufacturing Sector Comparisons: Issues, Methods and Empirical Results",
	authorLastName: "Rao",
	authorFirstName: "Prasada",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Marcel Timmer",
	memoDate: "July 01, 2000",
	memoAbstract: "This paper examines the feasibility of constructing a consistent set of multilateral comparisons of manufacturing sector output and productivity within the framework of the ICOP project. A major objective of the paper is to construct truly multilateral comparisons using the existing data base of the ICOP project. This data base consists of data constructed essentially on the basis of detailed bilateral comparisons. Multilateral unit value ratios are built up from the lowest level possible (the product level). The second objective of the paper is to examine in-depth the problem of aggregation of unit value ratios. Various aggregation methods, both well-known methods and new ones, are applied and sensitivity of the results is examined. New multilateral aggregation methods are developed which take into account differences in number of matches of the underlying binary comparisons, as well as the Laspeyres-Paasche spread which is considered to be a general indicator of reliability. Finally, the paper presents empirical results derived from the application of the above procedures to data for eight countries for the 1987 benchmark year.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[45] = {
	memoNr: "46",
	memoTitle: "Seperated Unity: The East and West German Industrial Sector in 1936",
	authorLastName: "Sleifer",
	authorFirstName: "Jaap",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "November 01, 1999",
	memoAbstract: "This paper compares and analyses the East and West German levels of labour productivity in industries in 1936. For this purpose archive-data on the industrial census of 1936 were used. In comparison with earlier studies, which rely directly or indirectly on the official publication of the census, these archive data have the advantage of not being distorted by aggregations for military-strategic reasons. Furthermore a statistical division of what later became East and West Berlin could be made. The present paper confirms the conclusions on the relative productivity in earlier research: in 1936 East Germany realised a lower productivity level in the industrial sector than West Germany. The differences are primarily explained by structural differences due to specialisation resulting in a relatively large 'Basic and Fabricated Metal' branch in West Germany and a large branch 'Textiles and Wearing Apparel' in East Germany. Furthermore this paper signals a higher aggregate capital intensity in West Germany, which is related to the large share of mining industries. Furthermore the East German level of education was below that of West Germany . Finally institutional differences are likely to have played a role since the major industrial agglomerations of East and West Germany were part of two different 'industrial orders'.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[44] = {
	memoNr: "45",
	memoTitle: "The Impact of Computers on Productivity in the Trade Sector: Explorations with Dutch Microdata",
	authorLastName: "Broersma",
	authorFirstName: "Lourens",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Robert McGuckin",
	memoDate: "October 05, 1999",
	memoAbstract: "Trends in productivity, labor, and investment in the retail and wholesale trade sectors for the Netherlands in the 1988-94 period are examined. The analysis is based on a longitudinally linked panel of firms from the annual survey of Production Statistics collected by Statistics Netherlands (CBS). We find that computer investments have a positive impact on productivity and that the productivity impact of computers is greater in retail than in wholesale trade. There are a number of possible reasons for this finding, including greater penetration of computers in wholesale trade and differences in the way computers are deployed in the two sectors. Contrary to studies in the U.S., however, the impact of computer capital is about the same as other forms of capital. Differences in empirical specifications arising from the absence of data on capital suggest some caution with respect to this conclusion. We also find increased use of 'flexible' employment practices, particularly among retail firms, and these appear related to computer use. As expected the measured impacts of computers on productivity are quite sensitive to the particular deflator used for computer equipment.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[43] = {
	memoNr: "44",
	memoTitle: "Innovation in Services. Overview of Data Sources and Analytical Structures",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: ", Lourens Broersma and Gjalt de Jong",
	memoDate: "October 04, 1999",
	memoAbstract: "This paper has a twofold aim. Firstly, it presents an overview of sources of data on service innovation. We distinguish two levels of data, namely data at the macro-level and data at the micro level. Data at the macro-level are mainly obtained from primary and secondary statistical sources produced by national and international (statistical) agencies. Most macro-data do not measure the service innovation process itself, but mainly represent inputs in or output originating from the innovation process. Data at the micro-level are derived from specific innovation surveys of firms and enterprises, which have been carried out over the past decade, and cover - although to a limited extent - service sectors as well. Section 2 provides an overview of macro and micro indicators on service innovation, and it discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the various measures. The second aim of the paper is to provide analytical structures that can assist in analysing the data on service innovation. The main characteristic of the analytical structures vis-a-vis the raw data, is that analytical structures require constructs and assumptions on the relation between the various indicators in the database. At the macro-level we propose two structures, namely a productivity accounting system, which allows to analyse the contribution of the inputs in the production process, including skilled and unskilled labour, different vintages of physical equipment and technology inputs, to the output produced. Secondly, we discuss an input-output accounting framework to analyse backward linkages of intermediate input use in service industries. The input-output structure may also serve a more detailed analysis of innovation relations between industries, using R&D data. At the micro level we compare the statistical computer package, LISREL (Linear Structural Relations), as a means to analyse the data from micro-based innovation surveys with regular regression analysis, which is mostly used in analysing micro-based innovation data. Section 3 describes these analytical structures in more detail. This paper is part of the project on Structual Information Provision in Services (SIID) carried out by the University of Groningen and DIALOGIC (Utrecht) for the Minisity of Economic Affairs in The Hague (The Netherlands).; Together with an accompanying thematic paper on the conceptualisation of service innovation, it concludes the first phase of the SIID project.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[42] = {
	memoNr: "43",
	memoTitle: "Historical Precedents of Global Markets",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "October 03, 1999",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[41] = {
	memoNr: "42",
	memoTitle: "Three Phases of Dutch Economic Growth and Technological Change, 1815-1997",
	authorLastName: "Smits",
	authorFirstName: "Jan Pieter",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Herman J. de Jong and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "October 02, 1999",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper we analyze the dynamics of Dutch economic growth for the period 1815-1997. By applying a simple econometric technique, important braking points in the timeseries are traced. It seems that three phases of growth can be discerned and that these phases are characterized by different types of technology (steam, electricity as well as information and communication technology). The Dutch economy has not generated an overall productivity improvement from the first and third technological phase, but has been successful in exploiting the technological opportunities of the second phase.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[40] = {
	memoNr: "41",
	memoTitle: "Economic Growth and Labour Productivity in Europe: Half a Century of East-West Comparisons",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "October 01, 1999",
	memoAbstract: "This paper discusses the comparative productivity performance of Eastern and Western Europe since 1950. Firstly, it looks at the productivity estimates since the beginning of transition in 1989. Despite a decline in output, the turmoil of the late 1980s affected labour participation more strongly, so that labour productivity growth has been less affected than per capita income growth. Presently, there are signs of a renewed slowdown in productivity growth in Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC's), even though there is much diversity between the countries. Secondly an historical approach is adopted by taking into account the growth performance of CEEC's for the period 1950-1989. The estimates suggest a long-term trend towards productivity slowdown in Eastern Europe beyond the slowdown in Western Europe since 1973. Indeed the growth path in the CEEC's before transition can be characterised as 'extensive growth'. Growth was based on rapid accumulation of resources without successful application of new technologies, which led to declining efficiency in the use of resources. It is argued that the present difficulties in closing the productivity and income gap between East and West are still partly due to the legacy of the past. Policies to improve work organisation, change production strategies, and strengthen quality of training are typically effective in the long run and will not materialise in immediate sustained gains in productivity. Thirdly the paper takes a look at the convergence and divergence trends in productivity since 1950. It outlines a continuous process of productivity divergence between Eastern and Western Europe, despite convergence within each of the two regions. It is argued that the brief episode of convergence since 1992 is primarily the result of the recovery of shock effects of the transition. A long term process of productivity convergence depends on the success by which the past process of extensive growth can be transformed into intensive growth, i.e., growth based on efficient resource use and successful adaptation of new technologies. This requires institution building to strengthen the effectiveness of product, labour and capital markets in the long run.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[39] = {
	memoNr: "40",
	memoTitle: "Catch Up Patterns in Newly Industrializing Economies. An International Comparison of Manufacturing Productivity in Taiwan, 1961- 1993.",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "July 01, 1998",
	memoAbstract: "Taiwan has undergone a process of swift industrialization after 1948. Rapid accumulation of physical and human capital enabled Taiwan to exploit new technologies and products, resulting in rapid catch up in labour productivity relative to more advanced economies. Using the industry-of-origin approach, this paper shows that in 1961, Taiwan's labour productivity in aggregate manufacturing was 11% of the level in the United States, increasing to 26% in 1986. This catch up process was found for all 13 manufacturing branches. After 1986, a process of deindustrialization set in and inflow of labour in the manufacturing sector stagnated. Relative labour productivity in aggregate manufacturing still continued to increased to 31% in 1993, but catch up was not shared by all branches. The increase in labour productivity was driven by a large rise in capital intensity from 7% of the US level in 1961 to 47% in 1993. In 1993, capital intensity in Taiwanese manufacturing was about equal to the capital intensity in US manufacturing in 1961. This shows that there are still plenty of opportunities for further capital intensification. TFP growth in Taiwanese manufacturing averaged 2.2% per year for the period 1961-1993, of which only 0.2% was due to a reallocation of resources between manufacturing branches. In contrast to the catch up process in terms of labour productivity and capital intensity, aggregate TFP did not increase relative to the US and stagnated at around 40%. Some branches like wearing apparel and electrical machinery showed strong catch up, but this was offset by the performance in branches like chemicals and paper which were falling behind the performance levels of more advanced economies. Economies of scale do not provide an explanation of the gap in TFP levels between the US and Taiwan. An adjustment for the relatively small size of Taiwanese manufacturing firms adds only 3% to the Taiwanese TFP level. Differences in human capital are more important. Using a growth accounting framework, they explained about 7% of the TFP gap relative to the United States.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[38] = {
	memoNr: "39",
	memoTitle: "Economics Benefits from Colonial Assets: The Case of the Netherlands and Indonesia, 1870-1958",
	authorLastName: "Eng",
	authorFirstName: "Pierre",
	authorPreposition: "van der",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "June 01, 1998",
	memoAbstract: "This paper explores the question whether and to what extent the economic relations between the Netherlands and its former colony Indonesia could be crucial to explaining `metropolitan' economic development and `peripheral' underdevelopment. It first surveys the literature on economic explanations for imperialism and the historiography involving Netherlands-Indonesia relations. The paper then generalises the broad economic importance to the Dutch economy of having Indonesia as a colony. The paper argues that the economic relevance shifted from trade to financial relations since ca.1900. Ready access to the Dutch capital market is likely to have advantaged economic development in Indonesia, albeit at the price of a shift in company ownership and a continuous transfer of dividend and interest payments to the Netherlands. The Dutch economy benefited from the relations with Indonesia, but was not particularly dependent on this relationship. This is demonstrated by the fact that after the decolonisation of Indonesia the economic ties between the two countries were severed during the 1950s. The Dutch economy entered a period of rapid growth, while the loss of ready access to the Dutch capital market contributed to economic stagnation in Indonesia.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[37] = {
	memoNr: "38",
	memoTitle: "The Delta Model Revisited: Recent Trends in the Structural Performance of the Dutch Economy",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "and Jacob de Haan",
	memoDate: "December 01, 1997",
	memoAbstract: "The rapid growth performance of the Dutch economy in terms of growth in real GDP, employment and per capita income can be traced back to the mid-1980s. This paper suggests that the growth acceleration of the Dutch economy has primarily been the result of a below-average performance during earlier times (i.e. the 1970s and early 1980s). Wage moderation and strict exchange rate and fiscal policies have contributed to the fact that the Netherlands has more or less returned to the Northwest European average of GDP per capita. This paper argues that this catch-up effect may disappear in the near future. According to many authors the acceleration of growth in the Netherlands is also related to recent structural reforms in the labour and product markets. If this were to be the case, we may expect that the Dutch economy will continue to perform on a structurally higher growth path than economies where such reforms are slower or absent. This paper begins with a review of GDP and GDP per capita growth performance of the Netherlands in an internationally comparative perspective. It then presents an overview of structural reform measures and evaluates to what extent deregulation of product and labour markets has enhanced the economic growth performance. Next, it is shown that the increase of the participation rate is an important factor behind the improvement of the Dutch economic performance. Despite the improved GDP and per capita income performance, labour productivity growth in the Netherlands has slowed down since the mid 1980s, and the productivity bonus of the Netherlands over other Northwest European countries has eroded. This strengthens the view that the recent growth performance may in fact be no more than a catch-up process in terms of labour market expansion at the expense of productivity. The decelaration of productivity growth occurred across the board: in almost all sectors growth in labour productivity and multifactor productivity slowed down. However, the productivity problem should not be mixed up with a technology problem 'per se'. As multifactor productivity growth is weakest in service sectors, it is suggested that technology diffusion and organizational innovations require at least as much attention as technology creation.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[36] = {
	memoNr: "37",
	memoTitle: "Growth and Divergence in Manufacturing Performance in South and East Asia",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Adam Szirmai",
	memoDate: "June 03, 1997",
	memoAbstract: "The growth experience in manufacturing in South and East Asian economies is well documented. Less is known about absolute levels of economic performance. This paper presents a star comparison of six Asian economies (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan) and the USA, the world productivity leader in manufacturing. The comparison of manufacturing performance is based on an industry of origin approach. Korea and Taiwan experienced catch up compared to the USA, especially since 1985. In 1993, labour productivity in manufacturing in these countries had increased to 49% of the US level in the case of Korea, and to 28% in the case of Taiwan. On the other hand, relative productivity levels in Indonesia, India and China stagnated throughout the 1980s, and are only recently showing weak signs of convergence. Comparative levels of labour productivity were 12% in Indonesia (in 1993), 9% in India (in 1990) and 6% in China (in 1992). Adjusting for small scale establishments brings down the levels in the latter group even further. A breakdown of manufacturing performance by fourteen branches of manufacturing, revealed the same patterns in each countries as at the aggregate level of manufacturing. This indicates that the factors making for catch-up or relative stagnation operate at the level of the total economy, rather than within specific branches. This finding is consistent with theories of conditional convergence. Structural change within manufacturing contributed little or even negatively to the growth in labour productivity. There is no evidence of a systematic pattern of structural change from early industries characterised by low productivity levels, to late industries characterised by high productivity. Manufacturing structures of both catch-up and non-catch economies tend to converge to each other. Comparisons of levels and trends of capital intensity and total factor productivity show a similar distinction between catch-up and non-catch-up economies. In Korea and Taiwan, labour productivity catch up is due to catch up in capital intensity, rather than catch up in total factor productivity. Capital intensity in Korea is 65% of the USA (in 1986) and almost 50% in Taiwan (in 1991), while relative total factor productivity levels are still below 30% of the US level in both economies. Capital intensities in China, India and Indonesia are still below 30% of the USA, with relative total factor productivities not exceeding the 25% level.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[35] = {
	memoNr: "36",
	memoTitle: "Comparative Levels of Labour Productivity and Labour Costs in Manufacturing in Belgium and the Netherlands, 1921-1990",
	authorLastName: "Jong",
	authorFirstName: "Herman",
	authorPreposition: "de",
	coAuthor: "and Antoon Soete",
	memoDate: "July 01, 1997",
	memoAbstract: "Belgium and The Netherlands share a lot of common characteristics in historical development, geographical location, political and institutional structure and in the size and degree of the openness of their economies. However, detailed comparisons of economic development of Belgium and The Netherlands have been largely neglected until now. This paper presents a comparative description of the development of labour productivity in Belgian and Dutch manufacturing for the period 1921-1990. Three comparative benchmark estimates of output and productivity for the years 1937, 1960 and 1987 were calculated, mainly based on census information. Levels of manufacturing productivity are extended backward and forward by linking time series of productivity change from 1921 to 1990 to the benchmarks.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[34] = {
	memoNr: "35",
	memoTitle: "GDP per Capita and the Biological Standard of Living in Contemporary Developing Countries",
	authorLastName: "Brinkman",
	authorFirstName: "Henk-Jan",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", J.W. Drukker and Birgitte Slot",
	memoDate: "June 02, 1997",
	memoAbstract: "This paper investigates whether a divergence between the biological standard of living (commonly measured by some anthropometric indicator) and GDP per capita during the early phases of industrialization, as observed for many now-developed countries in the nineteenth century, can also be found for the current developing countries. The paper examines whether such a divergence exists and which factors might explain its possible existence. We conclude that there is not much evidence for such a divergence. However, there is considerable variance by such factors as the infant mortality rate in addition to GDP per capita.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[33] = {
	memoNr: "34",
	memoTitle: "Human Capital and Economic Growth: Operationalising Growth Theory, with Special Reference to the Netherlands in the 19th Century",
	authorLastName: "Albers",
	authorFirstName: "Ronald",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "June 01, 1997",
	memoAbstract: "This paper presents new estimates of the stock of human capital in the Netherlands between 1800 and 1913. The estimates of human capital are derived from data on primary, secondary and tertiary schooling. It is argued that the measure of human capital presented here is conceptually better than alternative measures, such as enrollment rates or literacy rates. The estimates were used in a growth accounting exercise employing an approximation of a translog production function with human capital as an additional factor of production. The results suggest that economic growth in the Netherlands during the 19th century was to a large extent based on the accumulation of fixed tangible capital, with human capital playing a less important role.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[32] = {
	memoNr: "33",
	memoTitle: "'1968' and the German Economy",
	authorLastName: "Lindlar",
	authorFirstName: "Ludger",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 04, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "The turning point in the postwar economic development of West Germany was 1973, not 1968. But the massive increase of the world prices for energy in 1973 did not hit an economy with bright prospects for stable growth rates and low inflation. Contrary, the pattern of economic growth of the 1960s was not sustainable. Union wage restraint despite extremely tight labor markets, limited exchange rate adjustments despite mutually incompatible objectives of domestic macroeconomic policies and huge, but largely unrecognized negative externalties from the extensive use of cheap energy and environmental resources inevitably required adjustment. But the institutions and attitudes that underpinned the postwar economic prosperity were incapable to engineer gradual change. Rather, the political and economic events of the late 1960s and early 1970s triggered off rapid adjustment requirements that culminated in rising inflation and stagnating output - the stagflation of the mid 1970s.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[31] = {
	memoNr: "32",
	memoTitle: "Canada's Post-war Manufacturing Performance: A Comparison with the United States",
	authorLastName: "Jong",
	authorFirstName: "Gjalt",
	authorPreposition: "de",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 03, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "This study uses the 'industry of origin' approach to calculate 200 unit value ratios for the benchmark year 1987 which are used to convert the output value in Canada and the United States into a common currency.In 1987, Canada's comparative labor productivity was 77.4 per cent, measured in persons employed, and 79.4 per cent measured in persons hours worked. These comparative productivity results for total manufacturing, as well as for 15 major branches, are extrapolated backwards to 1961 and forwards to 1990 using the national time series for real output and labor input. Finally, the results are put in an international comparative perspective with four other countries of the G-7 group i.e. France, Germany, Japan, and the UK.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[30] = {
	memoNr: "31",
	memoTitle: "On the Reliability of Unit Value Ratios in International Comparisons",
	authorLastName: "Timmer",
	authorFirstName: "Marcel",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 02, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "In this paper reliability indicators are developed for the Laspeyres and Paasche index type currency conversion factors used in the industry of origin approach to international comparisons of output. Given the fact that these conversion factors are calculated on basis of a sampling technique, sampling theory is used to develop formulae for standard errors. A comparison with the stochastic approach to index numbers is made. Empirical evidence for five bilateral comparisons in manufacturing shows that reliability differs as both sample coverage and the degree of price variability play a role. Ninety percent confidence intervals for the total manufacturing Laspeyres and Paasche unit value ratios ranged from 4% to 11% for the comparisons involving high productivity countries only, and up to roughly 27% in a comparison of a low and a high productivity country. At branch level the differences are even more pronounced but no particularly (un)reliable branches could be discerned. Another issue addressed in this paper is whether products should be grouped together before estimation of the indices. Stratified sampling theory suggests that if the grouping is carried out properly, more precise estimates can be obtained. Guidelines for this intermediate grouping are given. Empirical evidence suggests that the grouping of products into four digit ISIC industries improves the estimation of the aggregate indices.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
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Memo[29] = {
	memoNr: "30",
	memoTitle: "Industrial Revolution and Scientific ant Technological Progress",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 01, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "This working paper is a draft chapter for the UNESCO-History of Humanity. Different views on the concept and spread of the industrial revolution, which took place from the late 18th century onwards, are dealt with. By way of example the revolutionary character of technological change and the search for new sources of energy is described and analysed for some major innovations and industries, namely the steam engine, the iron and steel industry and the use of electricity. Furthermore the question is discussed as to what extent sciences were related to technical progress. In this context the emergence of higher technical education at universities is put forward. Some brief remarks on the role of agriculture and the increasing economic ties among countries during the 19th century conclude this paper.",
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Memo[28] = {
	memoNr: "29",
	memoTitle: "A Comparison of Soviet and US Industrial Performance, 1928-90",
	authorLastName: "Kouwenhoven",
	authorFirstName: "Remco",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "May 05, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "This paper contains estimates of comparative labour productivity levels in manufacturing for the Soviet Union and the USA. Value added was converted to a common currency by using an expenditure based unit value ratio (or purchasing power parity). Time series for value added and labour inputs were used to estimate relative Soviet/US productivity levels back to 1928. The main findings are that in 1987, Soviet value added per person employed was 24.8 per cent of American levels. Value added per hour was 26.3 per cent of the USA. Combining US and Soviet time series for output and employment together with the results of the detailed comparison of labour productivity for 1987, brought me to the conclusion that over the period 1928-89 Soviet labour productivity inproved very little relative to the US. The results of this study are partly based on Soviet datasets that were formerly not available to researchers.",
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Memo[27] = {
	memoNr: "28",
	memoTitle: "Issues in Measurement and International Comparison of Productivity - An Overview",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "May 04, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "This paper reviews recent development in theory and measurement of productivity performance in an international comparative perspective. It emphasises the need for a better link between the theory and practice of measurement, in particular concerning measurement of productivity levels. The paper deals with concepts of output, labour inputs and capital inputs, the issue of quality differences, the use of purchasing power parities versus unit value ratios and measurement problems related to services. Among other things the paper argues in favour of an integrated use of input-output tables and production statistics for international comparisons.",
	app1URL: "",
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	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[26] = {
	memoNr: "27",
	memoTitle: "A Generalized Approach to International Comparisons of Agricultural Output and Productivity",
	authorLastName: "Maddison",
	authorFirstName: "Angus",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Prasada Rao",
	memoDate: "May 03, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "This paper utilizes the 12 country data set on agricultural prices and output from a previous ICOP study by Maddison and van Ooststroom (GD-1) to demonstrate the applicability of the Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher methods along with the Geary Khamis. Analysis in the paper is useful in integrating the techniques used by the ICOP project and the FAO with those of the ICP and Eurostat. The country-product-dummy (CPD) technique is used to fill holes in price data. Sections II and III of the paper provide a simple exposition of the CPD and Geary Khamis methods with a numerical illustration. Detailed tables showing the results from various aggregation methods are included in the paper.",
	app1URL: "",
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	app2URL: "",
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	app3URL: "",
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};

Memo[25] = {
	memoNr: "26",
	memoTitle: "Accounting for Economic Growth in the Netherlands since 1913",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "and Herman de Jong",
	memoDate: "May 02, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "This paper applies a growth accounting approach to monitor growth performance of the Netherlands since 1913, which looks at the contribution of, labour, human capital, physical and knowledge capital to real output growth. The paper also compares growth and level of per capita income and productivity in the Netherlands with that of other Northwest European countries. The paper includes an extensive appendix with annual figures from 1913 to 1994.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[24] = {
	memoNr: "25",
	memoTitle: "A Standardised Time Series of the Stock of Fixed Capital in the Netherlands, 1900-1995",
	authorLastName: "Groote",
	authorFirstName: "Peter",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Ronald Albers and Herman de Jong",
	memoDate: "May 01, 1996",
	memoAbstract: "This paper introduces a time series of the Dutch capital stock for 1900-1995. The estimates were derived using the perpetual inventory method. To enhance international comparability, we followed Maddison's standardized methodology. To ensure transparency a thorough description of sources and methods is given. A plausibility check is performed by comparing our results with the stylized facts of Dutch economic growth in the twentieth century. It is concluded that the new data fit other available evidence for Dutch macroeconomic development better than previously used.",
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	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
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Memo[23] = {
	memoNr: "24",
	memoTitle: "Output Responses to Infrastructure in the Netherlands, 1850-1913",
	authorLastName: "Groote",
	authorFirstName: "Peter",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Jan Jacobs and Jan Egbert Sturm",
	memoDate: "December 04, 1995",
	memoAbstract: "This paper combines a new historical data set regarding capital formation in infrastructure in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century with data-oriented econometric techniques aimed at testing the causal relationship between these infrastructural investments and economic growth. The resulting vector autoregression (VAR) model is analysed further with impulse response analysis. The results show that the time series characteristics of both capital formation and GDP are trend stationary, which is a fundamental difference with their twentieth century counterparts. The paper finds strong evidence of both a long term and medium term or short term impact. In the short run positive expenditure effects are partly offset bu negative transitional dynamics. To fine tune the analysis we have exploited the possibility to disaggregate the data set in basic and complementary infrastructure investment. Whereas the effect on output is significantly positive for basic infrastructure investment, it is absent for complementary infrastructure investment.",
	app1URL: "",
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	app2URL: "",
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	app3URL: "",
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Memo[22] = {
	memoNr: "23",
	memoTitle: "Sectoral Growth Accounting and Structural Change in Postwar Europe",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 03, 1995",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
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Memo[21] = {
	memoNr: "22",
	memoTitle: "Regional Differences in Standard of Living in the Netherlands, 1800-1875. A Study Based on Anthropometric Data",
	authorLastName: "Tassenaar",
	authorFirstName: "Vincent",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 02, 1995",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[20] = {
	memoNr: "21",
	memoTitle: "Anglo-German Rivalry on Coal Markets in France, the Netherlands and Germany, 1850-1913",
	authorLastName: "Fremdling",
	authorFirstName: "Rainer",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "December 01, 1995",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[19] = {
	memoNr: "20",
	memoTitle: "China's Manufacturing Performance in Comparative Perspective, 1980-1992",
	authorLastName: "Szirmai",
	authorFirstName: "Adam",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Ren Ruoen",
	memoDate: "June 01, 1995",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[18] = {
	memoNr: "19",
	memoTitle: "Transport and Communications Output and Productivity in Brazil and the USA, 1950-1990",
	authorLastName: "Mulder",
	authorFirstName: "Nanno",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "January 01, 1995",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[17] = {
	memoNr: "18",
	memoTitle: "Transport and Communication in Mexico and the United States: Value Added, Purchasing Power Parities and Productivity",
	authorLastName: "Mulder",
	authorFirstName: "Nanno",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 04, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[16] = {
	memoNr: "17",
	memoTitle: "Output and Productivity in Brazilian Distribution: A Comparative View",
	authorLastName: "Mulder",
	authorFirstName: "Nanno",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 03, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[15] = {
	memoNr: "16",
	memoTitle: "In Foreign Parts: Free-Standing Companies in the Netherlands around the First World War",
	authorLastName: "Gales",
	authorFirstName: "Ben",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 02, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[14] = {
	memoNr: "15",
	memoTitle: "Economic Growth and Standards of Living in the Twentieth Century",
	authorLastName: "Maddison",
	authorFirstName: "Angus",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "December 01, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[13] = {
	memoNr: "14",
	memoTitle: "New Perspectives on Service Output and Productivity: A Comparison of French and US Productivity in Transport, Communications Wholesale and Retail Trade",
	authorLastName: "Mulder",
	authorFirstName: "Nanno",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "October 03, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[12] = {
	memoNr: "13",
	memoTitle: "Industrial Output and Labour Productivity in the Netherlands, 1913-1929: Some Neglected Issues",
	authorLastName: "Jong",
	authorFirstName: "Herman",
	authorPreposition: "de",
	coAuthor: "and Ronald Albers",
	memoDate: "October 02, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[11] = {
	memoNr: "12",
	memoTitle: "Can Growth Theory Contribute to Our Understanding of Nineteenth Century Economic Dynamics",
	authorLastName: "Albers",
	authorFirstName: "Ronald",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Adrian Clemens and Peter Groote",
	memoDate: "October 01, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[10] = {
	memoNr: "11",
	memoTitle: "Micro Foundations for International Productivity Comparisons",
	authorLastName: "Gersbach",
	authorFirstName: "Hans",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "January 01, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "This paper describes the methodology and procedures of international comparisons of productivity levels for twelve manufacturing industries (producing food products, beer, soap and detergents, iron and steel, machine tools, various types of machinery, computers, audio and video equipment, industrial electronics, wired communication equipment, passenger cars and car components) between Germany, Japan and the United States. These estimates were carried out for a study on comparative productivity by the McKinsey Global Institute (1993). The starting point were estimates derived form the International Comparisons of Output and Productivity (ICOP) project at the University of Groningen (van Ark and Pilat, 1993). The original ICOP estimates on output, labour input and unit value ratios (the latter were used to convert output to a common currency) for the selected industries were adjusted where necessary to attain exact matching of activities on the basis of information derived form trade sources, companies and industry experts. Significant alterations were made to individual product PPPs to take account of differences in product mix and product quality between the countries. The extent and the direction of the corrections is different for the various industies. The biases are biggest for industies within the machinery and transport equipment branches. For manufacturing as a whole the original ICOP productivity estimates were only slightly downwardly biased by about 4-6 per cent. It is concluded that when using census data for comparisons at industry level, mix and quality problems need to be carefully considered. However, at a more aggregate level, for example for major branches in manufacturing, the original census-based UVRs are more robust.",
	app1URL: "",
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	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[9] = {
	memoNr: "10",
	memoTitle: "Productivity in French Manufacturing: An International Comparative Perspective",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "and Remco D.J. Kouwenhoven",
	memoDate: "June 01, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[8] = {
	memoNr: "9",
	memoTitle: "Standardised Estimates of Fixed Capital Stock: A Six Country Comparison",
	authorLastName: "Maddison",
	authorFirstName: "Angus",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "April 04, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[7] = {
	memoNr: "8",
	memoTitle: "An International Comparison of Real Output, Purchasing Power and Labour Productivity in Manufacturing Industries: Brazil, Mexico and the USA in 1975",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "and Angus Maddison",
	memoDate: "April 03, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[6] = {
	memoNr: "7",
	memoTitle: "An International Comparison of Real Output and Labour Productivity in Manufacturing in Ecuador and the United States, 1980",
	authorLastName: "Jong",
	authorFirstName: "Gjalt",
	authorPreposition: "de",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "April 02, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[5] = {
	memoNr: "6",
	memoTitle: "The International Comparison of Real Product and Productivity",
	authorLastName: "Maddison",
	authorFirstName: "Angus",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "April 01, 1994",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[4] = {
	memoNr: "5",
	memoTitle: "Comparative Productivity in East and West German Manufacturing before Reunification",
	authorLastName: "Beintema",
	authorFirstName: "Nienke",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Bart van Ark",
	memoDate: "October 02, 1993",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[3] = {
	memoNr: "4",
	memoTitle: "Prices, Real Value Added and Productivity in Dutch Manufacturing, 1921-1960",
	authorLastName: "Jong",
	authorFirstName: "Herman",
	authorPreposition: "de",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "October 01, 1993",
	memoAbstract: "This paper describes the results of a study on prices, real output and productivity for the Dutch manufacturing sector in the period 1921-1960. Use was made of the production statistics: an annual survey by the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics of important manufacturing industries. The frequency of the survey allows us to construct time series for gross value added, input and output prices, and productivity by major group of industry. To deflate output and input values specific long term price indexes were constructed, based on the industry-of-origin method. Double and single deflated time series of gross value added and productivity are constructed and analysed.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};
	
Memo[2] = {
	memoNr: "3",
	memoTitle: "Comparative Performance in Indonesian Manufacturing, 1975-90",
	authorLastName: "Szirmai",
	authorFirstName: "Adam",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	memoDate: "August 02, 1993",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[1] = {
	memoNr: "2",
	memoTitle: "International Comparison of Performance in Distribution: Value Added, Labour Productivity and PPPs in Mexican and US Wholesale and Retail Trade 1975/7",
	authorLastName: "Mulder",
	authorFirstName: "Nanno",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Angus Maddison",
	memoDate: "July 01, 1993",
	memoAbstract: "...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

Memo[0] = {
	memoNr: "1",
	memoTitle: "International Comparison of Value Added, Productivity and Purchasing Power Parities in Agriculture",
	authorLastName: "Maddison",
	authorFirstName: "Angus",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "and Harry van Ooststroom",
	memoDate: "August 01, 1993",
	memoAbstract: "This study is part of the ICOP (International Comparison of Output and Productivity) project of the University of Groningen. It presents international comparisons of levels of value added, productivity and purchasing power parities (PPPs) in agriculture for 13 countries for 1975. An early version of this paper was issued in 1984 (Research Memorandum 162 of the Institute of Economic Research, Groningen). In 1985 a slightly revised version was given limited circulation. The present paper contains further revisions, makes an assessment of other studies in this field, confronts our results with those of Prasada Rao (1986 and 1992) and contains suggestions for further research.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: ""
};

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Month[6] = "July";
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Month[8] = "September";
Month[9] = "October";
Month[10] = "November";
Month[11] = "December";

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		var newMemorandumApp3Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp3Txt);
		var newMemorandumApp2Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp2Txt);
		newMemorandumApp3URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp3URL);};
		newMemorandumApp3URL.href = newApp3URL;
		newMemorandumApp3URL.target = "_blank";
		newMemorandumApp3URL.appendChild(newMemorandumApp3Txt);
		newMemorandumApp3.appendChild(newMemorandumApp3Div);
		newMemorandumApp3.appendChild(newMemorandumApp3URL);
		newMemorandumDate.appendChild(newMemorandumApp3);
	}	
		
	List.appendChild(newMemorandumHeader);
	List.appendChild(newMemorandumTitle);
	List.appendChild(newMemorandumAuthor);
	List.appendChild(newMemorandumDate);
	List.appendChild(document.createElement("br"));
}

function insertMemoAbstract(List, Header, newNr, newTitle, newAuthorLastName, newAuthorFirstName, newAuthorPreposition, newCoAuthor, newDate, newAbstract, newApp1URL, newApp1Txt, newApp2URL, newApp2Txt, newApp3URL, newApp3Txt) {
	var newMemorandumHeader = document.createElement("div");
	var newMemorandumHeaderH1 = document.createElement("h1");
	var newMemorandumHeaderH1Txt = document.createTextNode("GGDC Research Memorandum Nr. " + newNr);
	newMemorandumHeaderH1.appendChild(newMemorandumHeaderH1Txt);
	newMemorandumHeader.appendChild(newMemorandumHeaderH1);
	while (Header.hasChildNodes()) Header.removeChild(Header.firstChild);
	Header.appendChild(newMemorandumHeader);
	
	var newMemorandumTitle = document.createElement("div");
	var newMemorandumTitleDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMemorandumTitleDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Title: ");
	var newMemorandumTitleURL = document.createElement("a");
	var newMemorandumTitleTxt= document.createTextNode (newTitle);
	newMemorandumTitleDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMemorandumTitleURL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview('/publications/memorandum/gd' + newNr + '.pdf');};
	newMemorandumTitleURL.href = "/publications/memorandum/gd" + newNr + ".pdf";
	newMemorandumTitleURL.target = "_blank";
	newMemorandumTitleDesc.appendChild(newMemorandumTitleDescTxt);
	newMemorandumTitle.appendChild(newMemorandumTitleDesc);
	newMemorandumTitleURL.appendChild(newMemorandumTitleTxt);
	newMemorandumTitle.appendChild(newMemorandumTitleURL);
	
	var newMemorandumAuthor = document.createElement("div");
	var newMemorandumAuthorDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMemorandumAuthorDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Author(s): ");
	var newMemorandumAuthorTxt = document.createTextNode(newAuthorFirstName + " " + newAuthorPreposition + " " + newAuthorLastName + " " + newCoAuthor);
	newMemorandumAuthorDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMemorandumAuthorDesc.appendChild(newMemorandumAuthorDescTxt);
	newMemorandumAuthor.appendChild(newMemorandumAuthorDesc);
	newMemorandumAuthor.appendChild(newMemorandumAuthorTxt);
	
	var newMemorandumAbstract = document.createElement("div");
	var newMemorandumAbstractDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMemorandumAbstractDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Abstract: ");
	var newMemorandumAbstractTxt = document.createTextNode(newAbstract);
	newMemorandumAbstractDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMemorandumAbstractDesc.appendChild(newMemorandumAbstractDescTxt);
	newMemorandumAbstract.appendChild(newMemorandumAbstractDesc);
	newMemorandumAbstract.appendChild(newMemorandumAbstractTxt);
	
	var newGMTDate = new Date(newDate);
	var newMemorandumDate = document.createElement("div");
	var newMemorandumDateDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMemorandumDateDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Date: ");
	var newMemorandumDateTxt = document.createTextNode(Month[newGMTDate.getMonth()] + " " + newGMTDate.getFullYear());
	newMemorandumDateDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMemorandumDateDesc.appendChild(newMemorandumDateDescTxt);
	newMemorandumDate.appendChild(newMemorandumDateDesc);
	newMemorandumDate.appendChild(newMemorandumDateTxt);
				
	var newMemorandumFullText = document.createElement("span");
	var newMemorandumFullTextDiv = document.createTextNode(" | ");
	var newMemorandumFullTextURL = document.createElement("a");
	var newMemorandumFullTextURLTxt = document.createTextNode("Full Text");
	newMemorandumFullTextURL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview('/publications/memorandum/gd' + newNr + '.pdf');};
	newMemorandumFullTextURL.href = "/publications/memorandum/gd" + newNr + ".pdf";
	newMemorandumFullTextURL.target = "_blank";
	newMemorandumFullTextURL.appendChild(newMemorandumFullTextURLTxt);
	newMemorandumFullText.appendChild(newMemorandumFullTextDiv);
	newMemorandumFullText.appendChild(newMemorandumFullTextURL);
	newMemorandumDate.appendChild(newMemorandumFullText);
	
	if (newApp1URL != "") {
		var newMemorandumApp1 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMemorandumApp1Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMemorandumApp1URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMemorandumApp1Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp1Txt);
		newMemorandumApp1URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp1URL);};
		newMemorandumApp1URL.href = newApp1URL;
		newMemorandumApp1URL.target = "_blank";
		newMemorandumApp1URL.appendChild(newMemorandumApp1Txt);
		newMemorandumApp1.appendChild(newMemorandumApp1Div);
		newMemorandumApp1.appendChild(newMemorandumApp1URL);
		newMemorandumDate.appendChild(newMemorandumApp1);
	}
	if (newApp2URL != "") {
		var newMemorandumApp2 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMemorandumApp2Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMemorandumApp2URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMemorandumApp2Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp2Txt);
		newMemorandumApp2URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp2URL);};
		newMemorandumApp2URL.href = newApp2URL;
		newMemorandumApp2URL.target = "_blank";
		newMemorandumApp2URL.appendChild(newMemorandumApp2Txt);
		newMemorandumApp2.appendChild(newMemorandumApp2Div);
		newMemorandumApp2.appendChild(newMemorandumApp2URL);
		newMemorandumDate.appendChild(newMemorandumApp2);
	}
	if (newApp3URL != "") {
		var newMemorandumApp3 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMemorandumApp3Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMemorandumApp3URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMemorandumApp3Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp3Txt);
		newMemorandumApp3URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp3URL);};
		newMemorandumApp3URL.href = newApp3URL;
		newMemorandumApp3URL.target = "_blank";
		newMemorandumApp3URL.appendChild(newMemorandumApp3Txt);
		newMemorandumApp3.appendChild(newMemorandumApp3Div);
		newMemorandumApp3.appendChild(newMemorandumApp3URL);
		newMemorandumDate.appendChild(newMemorandumApp3);
	}	
		
	List.appendChild(newMemorandumTitle);
	List.appendChild(newMemorandumAuthor);
	List.appendChild(newMemorandumAbstract);
	List.appendChild(newMemorandumDate);
	List.appendChild(document.createElement("br"));	
}

// Monographs
var Mono = new Array();

Mono[5] = {
	monoNr: "6",
	monoTitle: "Falling Behind: The East German Economy in Comparison with West Germany from 1936 to 2002",
	authorLastName: "Sleifer",
	authorFirstName: "Jaap",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	monoDate: "February 01, 2003",
	monoAbstract: "During the period from 1936 to 2002 the shape of Germany showed major changes, marked by (a) the expansion of the Third Reich; (b) the division of Germany into occupation zones in 1945; (c) the founding of the German Democratic Replublic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in 1949; (d) the unification of the GDR and the FRG in 1990. [...] Before the expansion of the Third Reich the East German economy had the signs of a blossoming landscape. At that time per capita national income amounted to 103 per cent of West Germany, compared to a mere 31 per cent in 1991. In the industrial sector labour productivity droppped from 91 per cent of the West German level in 1936 to merely 31 per cent in 1991...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: "",
	noLink: true
};

Mono[4] = {
	monoNr: "5",
	monoTitle: "Dutch GNP and Its Components, 1800-1913",
	authorLastName: "Smits",
	authorFirstName: "Jan-Pieter",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: ", Edwin Horlings and Jan Luiten van Zanden",
	monoDate: "January 01, 2000",
	monoAbstract: "In 1983 Richard Griffiths and Jan de Meere published an influential article entitled The growth of the Dutch economy in the nineteenth century: back to basics? in which they denounced the available national income estimates for the Netherlands in the period before 1920. They revealed the dubious nature of the assumptions and data that were used in the calculations. The authors concluded that 'the current national income estimates can tell us absolutely nothing about the timing of Dutch economic growth in the nineteenth century' and 'that we have to go right back to basics'. Griffiths and De Meere's judgement of the state of quantitative economic history in the Netherlands is especially devastating because the nineteenth-century development of the Dutch economy and its slow industrialization had been the main focus of research since 1945. Yet, it cleared the ground for a gradual reorientation of economic historiography. In a number of earlier publications Griffiths and De Meere had already demonstrated that there was a host of quantitative sources to make a detailed study of the nineteenth century. Their books on economic growth and industrialization - published in 1979 and 1982 - provided new information about the development of the Dutch economy during the first half of the nineteenth century. Despite their initial aim to apply the concepts of national accounting and to construct time series relating to the entire economy, the data which they presented remained fairly selective. They overemphasized the development of the (well-documented) growth industries, without paying due attention to stagnation and decline in other parts of the economy...",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: "",
	noLink: false
};

Mono[3] = {
	monoNr: "4",
	monoTitle: "The Economic Performance of the Service Sector in Brazil, Mexico and the USA, A Comparative Historical Perspective",
	authorLastName: "Mulder",
	authorFirstName: "Nanno",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	monoDate: "May 01, 1999",
	monoAbstract: "This study compares the labour productivity performance (value added per person) of the service sectors between Brazil, Mexico and the United States in the period from 1950 to 1996. A comparison of growth rates shows that in all three countries labour productivity grew more slowly in services than in the other sectors of the economy. Comparisons of growth rates are complemented with comparisons of productivity levels, as the former fail to indicate the relative efficiency at which resources are used. To convert value added to a common currency, purchasing power parities were estimated based on ratios of prices per unit of output. When compared to the USA, achievements in services in Brazil and Mexico from 1950 to 1996 were better than their relative performance in their primary and secondary sectors. Within the service sector, public utilities, transport and communications, and finance performed relatively better than wholesale and retail trade, health care and education. For each service industry, the study analyses their more or less successful development and productivity performance.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: "",
	noLink: true
};

Mono[2] = {
	monoNr: "3",
	monoTitle: "Latin American Economic Development. A Causal Analysis in Historical Perspective",
	authorLastName: "Hofman",
	authorFirstName: "Andre",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	monoDate: "January 01, 1998",
	monoAbstract: "This book provides an assessment of Latin American 20th century economic performance from a comparative and historical perspective. The author uses growth accounting methods and previously unavailable long-term series data to present a comprehensive analysis of Latin American development over the course of the century. The performance of Latin American economies over this period is compared to that of three groups of countries: the advanced capitalist economies of France, Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, UK and USA; the newly industrialised economies of Korea and Taiwan; and Spain and Portugal with which Latin America has historical ties. This presents a long-run comparative perspective of growth acceleration and slow-down in Latin America, using similar accounting methods to those pioneered by Angus Maddison. This book has been published by Edward Elgar Ltd in 1998.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: "",
	noLink: true
};

Mono[1] = {
	monoNr: "2",
	monoTitle: "The Economics of Catch-Up: The Experience of Japan and Korea",
	authorLastName: "Pilat",
	authorFirstName: "Dirk",
	authorPreposition: "",
	coAuthor: "",
	monoDate: "November 01, 1993",
	monoAbstract: "The purpose of this study is to analyse economic growth in Japan and Korea and assess the role of catch up in their respective processes of economic development. The study first outlines the historical background of both countries, then proceeds with an analysis and quantification of the main sources of economic growth in the postwar period, and concludes by analysing the development of both countries in an international perspective.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: "",
	noLink: true
};

Mono[0] = {
	monoNr: "1",
	monoTitle: "International Comparisons of Output and Productivity: Manufacturing Productivity Performance of Ten Countries from 1950 to 1990",
	authorLastName: "Ark",
	authorFirstName: "Bart",
	authorPreposition: "van",
	coAuthor: "",
	monoDate: "April 01, 1993",
	monoAbstract: "This study measures and explains comparative levels of performance in manufacturing. Its main aim is to establish the relative output and productivity position in manufacturing for ten countries during the postwar period on the basis of the industry of origin approach. In recent decades, important changes in comparative economic performance among nations have occurred. For the economy as a whole, the unprecedented rise in output and productivity from 1950 to 1973 has been well documented, but the slowdown of the world economy since the 1970s and the slow recovery of the 1980s has raised new questions. A comparative study of productivity levels from a sectoral perspective may be appropriate in the search for explanations.",
	app1URL: "",
	app1Txt: "",
	app2URL: "",
	app2Txt: "",
	app3URL: "",
	app3Txt: "",
	noLink: false
};

function insertMonograph(List, newNr, newTitle, newAuthorLastName, newAuthorFirstName, newAuthorPreposition, newCoAuthor, newDate, newApp1URL, newApp1Txt, newApp2URL, newApp2Txt, newApp3URL, newApp3Txt, newNoLink) {
	var newMonographHeader = document.createElement("div");
	var newMonographHeaderURL = document.createElement("a");
	var newMonographHeaderTxt = document.createTextNode("GGDC Monograph Nr. " + newNr);
	newMonographHeader.className = "PublicationsHeader";
	newMonographHeaderURL.href = "/publications/monoabstract.htm?id=" + newNr;
	newMonographHeaderURL.appendChild(newMonographHeaderTxt);
	newMonographHeader.appendChild(newMonographHeaderURL);
	
	var newMonographTitle = document.createElement("div");
	var newMonographTitleDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMonographTitleDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Title: ");
	var newMonographTitleTxt= document.createTextNode (newTitle);
	newMonographTitleDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMonographTitleDesc.appendChild(newMonographTitleDescTxt);
	newMonographTitle.appendChild(newMonographTitleDesc);
	newMonographTitle.appendChild(newMonographTitleTxt);
	
	var newMonographAuthor = document.createElement("div");
	var newMonographAuthorDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMonographAuthorDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Author(s): ");
	var newMonographAuthorTxt = document.createTextNode(newAuthorFirstName + " " + newAuthorLastName + " " + newCoAuthor);
	newMonographAuthorDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMonographAuthorDesc.appendChild(newMonographAuthorDescTxt);
	newMonographAuthor.appendChild(newMonographAuthorDesc);
	newMonographAuthor.appendChild(newMonographAuthorTxt);
	
	var newGMTDate = new Date(newDate);
	var newMonographDate = document.createElement("div");
	
	var newMonographDateDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMonographDateDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Date: ");
	var newMonographDateTxt = document.createTextNode(Month[newGMTDate.getMonth()] + " " + newGMTDate.getFullYear());
	newMonographDateDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMonographDateDesc.appendChild(newMonographDateDescTxt);
	newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographDateDesc);
	newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographDateTxt);
	
	var newMonographAbstract = document.createElement("span");
	var newMonographAbstractDiv = document.createTextNode(" | ");
	var newMonographAbstractURL = document.createElement("a");
	var newMonographAbstractURLTxt = document.createTextNode("Abstract");
	newMonographAbstractURL.href = "/publications/monoabstract.htm?id=" + newNr;
	newMonographAbstractURL.appendChild(newMonographAbstractURLTxt);
	newMonographAbstract.appendChild(newMonographAbstractDiv);
	newMonographAbstract.appendChild(newMonographAbstractURL);
	newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographAbstract);
		
	if (newNoLink == false) {
		var newMonographFullText = document.createElement("span");
		var newMonographFullTextDiv = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMonographFullTextURL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMonographFullTextURLTxt = document.createTextNode("Full Text");
		newMonographFullTextURL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview('/publications/monograph/mono' + newNr + '.pdf');};
		newMonographFullTextURL.href = "/publications/monograph/mono" + newNr + ".pdf";
		newMonographFullTextURL.target = "_blank";	
		newMonographFullTextURL.appendChild(newMonographFullTextURLTxt);
		newMonographFullText.appendChild(newMonographFullTextDiv);
		newMonographFullText.appendChild(newMonographFullTextURL);
		newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographFullText);
	}	
	if (newApp1URL != "") {
		var newMonographApp1 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMonographApp1Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMonographApp1URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMonographApp1Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp1Txt);
		newMonographApp1URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp1URL);};
		newMonographApp1URL.href = newApp1URL;
		newMonographApp1URL.target = "_blank";
		newMonographApp1URL.appendChild(newMonographApp1Txt);
		newMonographApp1.appendChild(newMonographApp1Div);
		newMonographApp1.appendChild(newMonographApp1URL);
		newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographApp1);
	}
	if (newApp2URL != "") {
		var newMonographApp2 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMonographApp2Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMonographApp2URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMonographApp2Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp2Txt);
		newMonographApp2URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp2URL);};
		newMonographApp2URL.href = newApp2URL;
		newMonographApp2URL.target = "_blank";
		newMonographApp2URL.appendChild(newMonographApp2Txt);
		newMonographApp2.appendChild(newMonographApp2Div);
		newMonographApp2.appendChild(newMonographApp2URL);
		newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographApp2);
	}
	if (newApp3URL != "") {
		var newMonographApp3 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMonographApp3Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMonographApp3URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMonographApp3Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp3Txt);
		newMonographApp3URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp3URL);};
		newMonographApp3URL.href = newApp3URL;
		newMonographApp3URL.target = "_blank";
		newMonographApp3URL.appendChild(newMonographApp3Txt);
		newMonographApp3.appendChild(newMonographApp3Div);
		newMonographApp3.appendChild(newMonographApp3URL);
		newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographApp3);
	}	
		
	List.appendChild(newMonographHeader);
	List.appendChild(newMonographTitle);
	List.appendChild(newMonographAuthor);
	List.appendChild(newMonographDate);
	List.appendChild(document.createElement("br"));
}

function insertMonoAbstract(List, Header, newNr, newTitle, newAuthorLastName, newAuthorFirstName, newAuthorPreposition, newCoAuthor, newDate, newAbstract, newApp1URL, newApp1Txt, newApp2URL, newApp2Txt, newApp3URL, newApp3Txt, newNoLink) {
	var newMonographHeader = document.createElement("div");
	var newMonographHeaderH1 = document.createElement("h1");
	var newMonographHeaderH1Txt = document.createTextNode("GGDC Monograph Nr. " + newNr);
	newMonographHeaderH1.appendChild(newMonographHeaderH1Txt);
	newMonographHeader.appendChild(newMonographHeaderH1);
	while (Header.hasChildNodes()) Header.removeChild(Header.firstChild);
	Header.appendChild(newMonographHeader);
	
	var newMonographTitle = document.createElement("div");
	var newMonographTitleDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMonographTitleDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Title: ");	
	newMonographTitleDesc.className = "Desc";	
	newMonographTitleDesc.appendChild(newMonographTitleDescTxt);
	newMonographTitle.appendChild(newMonographTitleDesc);	
		
	var newMonographTitleURL = document.createElement("a");
	var newMonographTitleTxt= document.createTextNode (newTitle);
	if (newNoLink == false) {
		newMonographTitleURL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview('/publications/monograph/mono' + newNr + '.pdf');};
		newMonographTitleURL.href = "/publications/monograph/mono" + newNr + ".pdf";
		newMonographTitleURL.target = "_blank";
		newMonographTitleURL.appendChild(newMonographTitleTxt);
		newMonographTitle.appendChild(newMonographTitleURL);
	} else {
		newMonographTitle.appendChild(newMonographTitleTxt);
	}
	
	var newMonographAuthor = document.createElement("div");
	var newMonographAuthorDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMonographAuthorDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Author(s): ");
	var newMonographAuthorTxt = document.createTextNode(newAuthorFirstName + " " + newAuthorPreposition + " " + newAuthorLastName + " " + newCoAuthor);
	newMonographAuthorDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMonographAuthorDesc.appendChild(newMonographAuthorDescTxt);
	newMonographAuthor.appendChild(newMonographAuthorDesc);
	newMonographAuthor.appendChild(newMonographAuthorTxt);
	
	var newMonographAbstract = document.createElement("div");
	var newMonographAbstractDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMonographAbstractDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Abstract: ");
	var newMonographAbstractTxt = document.createTextNode(newAbstract);
	newMonographAbstractDesc.className = "Desc";
	newMonographAbstractDesc.appendChild(newMonographAbstractDescTxt);
	newMonographAbstract.appendChild(newMonographAbstractDesc);
	newMonographAbstract.appendChild(newMonographAbstractTxt);
	
	var newGMTDate = new Date(newDate);
	var newMonographDate = document.createElement("div");
	var newMonographDateDesc = document.createElement("span");
	var newMonographDateDescTxt = document.createTextNode("Date: ");
	var newMonographDateTxt = document.createTextNode(Month[newGMTDate.getMonth()] + " " + newGMTDate.getFullYear());
	newMonographDateDesc.className = "Desc";	
	newMonographDateDesc.appendChild(newMonographDateDescTxt);	
	newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographDateDesc);
	newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographDateTxt);
	
	if (newNoLink == false) {
		var newMonographFullText = document.createElement("span");
		var newMonographFullTextDiv = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMonographFullTextURL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMonographFullTextURLTxt = document.createTextNode("Full Text");
		newMonographFullTextURL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview('/publications/monograph/mono' + newNr + '.pdf');};
		newMonographFullTextURL.href = "/publications/monograph/mono" + newNr + ".pdf";
		newMonographFullTextURL.target = "_blank";
		newMonographFullTextURL.appendChild(newMonographFullTextURLTxt);
		newMonographFullText.appendChild(newMonographFullTextDiv);
		newMonographFullText.appendChild(newMonographFullTextURL);	
		newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographFullText);
	}	
	if (newApp1URL != "") {
		var newMonographApp1 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMonographApp1Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMonographApp1URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMonographApp1Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp1Txt);
		newMonographApp1URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp1URL);};
		newMonographApp1URL.href = newApp1URL;
		newMonographApp1URL.target = "_blank";
		newMonographApp1URL.appendChild(newMonographApp1Txt);
		newMonographApp1.appendChild(newMonographApp1Div);
		newMonographApp1.appendChild(newMonographApp1URL);
		newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographApp1);
	}
	if (newApp2URL != "") {
		var newMonographApp2 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMonographApp2Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMonographApp2URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMonographApp2Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp2Txt);
		newMonographApp2URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp2URL);};
		newMonographApp2URL.href = newApp2URL;
		newMonographApp2URL.target = "_blank";
		newMonographApp2URL.appendChild(newMonographApp2Txt);
		newMonographApp2.appendChild(newMonographApp2Div);
		newMonographApp2.appendChild(newMonographApp2URL);
		newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographApp2);
	}
	if (newApp3URL != "") {
		var newMonographApp3 = document.createElement("span");
		var newMonographApp3Div = document.createTextNode(" | ");
		var newMonographApp3URL = document.createElement("a");
		var newMonographApp3Txt = document.createTextNode(newApp3Txt);
		newMonographApp3URL.onclick = function() {pageTracker._trackPageview(newApp3URL);};
		newMonographApp3URL.href = newApp3URL;
		newMonographApp3URL.target = "_blank";
		newMonographApp3URL.appendChild(newMonographApp3Txt);
		newMonographApp3.appendChild(newMonographApp3Div);
		newMonographApp3.appendChild(newMonographApp3URL);
		newMonographDate.appendChild(newMonographApp3);
	}	
		
	List.appendChild(newMonographTitle);
	List.appendChild(newMonographAuthor);
	List.appendChild(newMonographAbstract);
	List.appendChild(newMonographDate);
	List.appendChild(document.createElement("br"));	
}